System Heterogeneity
System heterogeneity in federated learning (FL) refers to the variability in computational resources and network conditions across participating devices, hindering efficient and equitable model training. Current research focuses on developing algorithms that adapt to this heterogeneity, including methods employing clustering, model pruning, and gradient approximation techniques to improve both training speed and model accuracy. These advancements are crucial for realizing the full potential of FL in real-world applications, where diverse devices with varying capabilities are commonplace, and for ensuring fair participation of all clients in the learning process. Addressing system heterogeneity is vital for the scalability and robustness of FL systems.