Train Localization

Train localization focuses on accurately determining a train's position, crucial for autonomous operation and railway safety. Current research emphasizes robust solutions using sensor fusion, integrating data from inertial measurement units (IMUs), LiDARs, cameras, wheel encoders, and GNSS (when available), often within a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) framework employing particle filters or factor graphs. These advancements improve reliability, particularly during GNSS outages or in challenging environments, and enable applications such as automated train control and infrastructure monitoring.