Linearly Convergent Algorithms for Nonsmooth Problems with Unknown Smooth Regions

We present new algorithms for stochastic optimization problems in which the objective is neither smooth nor convex, subject to a convex constraint set. Our algorithms return a $(δ,\varepsilon)$-Goldstein stationary point, as recently defined for constrained problems by Liu et al. (2024), with improved complexities, and are the first to achieve optimal convergence rates for this task in several settings. In particular, we design projection-based and projection-free algorithms that achieve a $\widetilde O(δ^{-1}\varepsilon^{-3})$ rate using stochastic gradients, which we show to be optimal, and a $\widetilde O(dδ^{-1}\varepsilon^{-3})$ rate using zeroth-order queries, which is also optimal in its dependence on the dimension $d$ and improves over prior work. Notably, our lower bound is given in terms of the Frank-Wolfe gap and holds even for smooth problems, which is of independent interest. These results show that in nonconvex stochastic optimization, the convergence rate is degraded neither by the presence of constraints nor by nonsmoothness. Our analysis is based on a reduction to online linear optimization, extending a related technique from unconstrained optimization.

The ProbAbilistic Gradient Estimator algorithm (PAGE), a stochastic algorithm introduced by Li et al. in 2021, was designed to find stationary points for the average of smooth nonconvex functions. In this work, we study PAGE within the broad framework of $τ$-weakly convex functions, providing a continuous interpolation between the general nonconvex $L$-smooth regime ($τ=L$) and the convex regime ($τ=0$). We establish new convergence rates for PAGE, showing that its complexity improves as $τ$ decreases.

We introduce PF-AGD, the first parameter-free, deterministic, accelerated first-order method to achieve $O(ε^{-5/3}\log(1/ε))$ oracle complexity bound when minimizing sufficiently smooth, non-convex functions; this is the best-known bound for first-order methods on smooth non-convex objectives. Unlike existing methods possessing this rate that require a priori knowledge of smoothness constants, we use an adaptive backtracking scheme and a gradient-based restart mechanism to estimate local curvature. This yields a practical algorithm that matches best-known theoretical rates. Empirically, PF-AGD outperforms the practical variant of AGD-Until-Guilty (Carmon et al., 2017), as well as other parameter-free variants, and is a viable alternative to nonlinear conjugate gradient methods.