Make Some Noise: Unsupervised Remote Sensing Change Detection Using Latent Space Perturbations
Authors: Blaž Rolih, Matic Fučka, Filip Wolf, Luka Čehovin Zajc
Organizations: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, Slovenia
Abstract
Unsupervised remote sensing change detection (UCD) aims to localise changes between two images of the same region without relying on labelled training data. Most recent approaches either use a frozen foundation model in a training-free manner or train with synthetic changes generated in pixel space. Both strategies inherently rely on predefined assumptions about change types, typically introduced through handcrafted rules, external datasets, or auxiliary generative models. Due to these assumptions, such methods fail to generalise beyond a few change types, limiting their real-world usage, especially in rare or complex scenarios. To address this, we propose MaSoN (Make Some Noise), an end-to-end UCD framework that synthesises diverse changes directly in the latent feature space during training. It generates changes dynamically estimated from feature statistics of the target data, enabling diverse yet data-driven variation aligned with the target domain. Since synthesis happens in latent space, it also easily extends to new modalities, such as SAR and multispectral data. MaSoN generalises strongly across diverse change types and improves the average F1 score across five benchmarks by 14.1 percentage points. Project page: https://blaz-r.github.io/mason_ucd/
Remote sensing change detection (RSCD) aims to localise changes between two images of the same geographic region. In practice, change masks often follow region-level annotation conventions rather than purely local appearance differences, making them context-dependent and occasionally ambiguous. Most state-of-the-art methods utilise per-pixel discriminative classification, which produces a single prediction per input and fails to explicitly model the changed region as a coherent whole. A natural alternative is generative formulation, which can model a distribution of plausible masks, enabling sampling to capture ambiguity and encourage global consistency. However, existing generative RSCD approaches typically lag behind strong discriminative baselines due to the high computational cost of pixel-space generation and the complexity of their conditioning mechanisms. To address the limitations of prior discriminative and generative methods, we propose ChangeFlow, a generative framework that reformulates change detection as the synthesis of a change mask in latent space via rectified flow. ChangeFlow is guided by a structured yet lightweight conditioning signal, and its stochastic design naturally supports sampling-based prediction ensembling. Namely, aggregating multiple predicted change masks improves robustness, while sample agreement provides a practical confidence estimation that highlights ambiguous regions. Across four benchmarks, ChangeFlow achieves an average F1 of 80.4%, improving by 1.3 points on average over the previous best method, while maintaining inference speed comparable to recent strong baselines. Project page: https://blaz-r.github.io/changeflow_cd
Remote Sensing Foundation Models (RSFMs) have emerged as a powerful alternative to supervised models for Earth Observation, allowing satellites to autonomously trigger high-resolution captures or adjust tasking parameters upon detecting an anomaly, thereby maximizing the utility of the mission's limited power and computational resources. RSFMs are versatile, unified encoders that optimize onboard storage for multiple orbital applications while ensuring high-fidelity feature extraction. In particular, unsupervised change detection with RSFMs offers a well-informed and transformative path for disaster monitoring without expensive labels. In this paper, we present a novel unsupervised detection method based on ResNet (RSFM) + FPN which identifies a wide spectrum of anomalies by detecting subtle semantic shifts in the latent space between successive orbital passes. By relying on an untrained FPN architecture and its intrinsic priors, the system achieves efficient image-level generation and higher resolution mapping with minimal effort (training-free) compared to previous proposals (patch-based, trained). And by replacing tailored models with RSFMs, we can achieve comparable results through an approach that eliminates the need for bespoke training and extensive development effort and adds customization, while ensuring high-performance generalization across diverse terrains and sensors.
Change detection (CD) in remote sensing is vital for applications such as urban monitoring and disaster assessment, yet traditional methods struggle with generalization across diverse scenarios. We present OmniCD, a foundational framework that unifies and enhances remote sensing CD through multimodal semantic guidance. OmniCD incorporates image and text prompts -- such as textual descriptions, semantic maps, and geospatial metadata -- into a unified architecture, supporting tasks from binary CD to zero-shot semantic change understanding. The framework integrates a hierarchical scene retrieval module and a change detection module, reinforced by a style disentanglement mechanism for improved cross-domain robustness. We further introduce RSITCD, a large-scale multimodal dataset with 300K+ annotated image-text pairs. Extensive experiments show that OmniCD achieves state-of-the-art performance across benchmarks, demonstrating strong adaptability and setting a solid foundation for general-purpose CD systems in remote sensing.