Understanding Wikidata Qualifiers: An Analysis and Taxonomy

Wikidata is a large, heterogeneous knowledge graph and applying data quality metrics requires context-specific approaches. The "richness" quality metric is currently under-researched and typically restricted to the ontology level, which fails to capture entity-specific structural depth. To address this gap, we introduce SQuIREL, a method that measures richness directly at the entity level using six dimensions: Semantic Specificity, Qualifier Density, Internal Connectivity, Reference Provenance, External Network Connectivity, and Linguistic Accessibility. These dimensions are kept disaggregated to preserve actionability for targeted editorial intervention. We apply this metric to two case studies of oil paintings (Brazilian vs. French) and writers (grouped by citizenship and gender) to demonstrate how it surfaces representational inequalities that may indicate systemic bias. Our metric successfully distinguishes between highly tailored and basic entity profiles, revealing nuances that raw counts and existing aggregate scores obscure. Specifically, it identifies structural imbalances, such as 48% of Brazilian paintings clustering as low-richness stubs against 0% in the French cohort, as well as intersectional patterns, including contrasting gender gaps between UK and Nigerian writers.

Dominant web data curation pipelines for pretraining collapse document quality into a single composite score, systematically missing high-value content along dimensions the scorer underweights. We present a taxonomy-driven framework that recovers this value by filtering along semantically meaningful dimensions that composite scores fail to capture. First, building on the ESSENTIAL-WEB taxonomy, we introduce two novel dimensions: timeliness and cultural specificity, both of which show low pairwise NMI with existing ones. We annotate 14M documents using Qwen2.5 32B and distill into a lightweight 0.5B model. To enable rapid corpus-wide annotation, we additionally train a 73M multi-task MLP on E5 embeddings, achieving 50x inference throughput. Second, to navigate the combinatorial explosion of filter configurations, we introduce a compute-efficient two-pass framework: Pass 1 identifies the strongest dimension signals at small scale; Pass 2 constructs and evaluates conjunctive and disjunctive compound filters from the top performers - identifying high-performing configurations at a fraction of full scaling-law cost. Applying the selected filters to deprioritized web data, taxonomy-filtered subsets outperform their unfiltered baselines and even surpass the highest-quality tier. On mid-tier data, our best filter improves over its unfiltered baseline by 12.1% on reasoning, 9.5% on coding, and 2.0% on knowledge benchmarks, exceeding unfiltered top-tier data by 6.7% on reasoning and 13.7% on coding. Furthermore, filtered data from two tiers below the typical production threshold improves by 22.3% on reasoning and 19.5% on coding over its unfiltered baseline, surpassing top-tier data on coding benchmarks. These results establish that vast latent value remains locked in deprioritized web data, and that multi-dimensional taxonomy filtering is a principled, compute-efficient key to unlocking it.

Assessing whether qualitative responses collected from semi-structured questions are ready for a particular analysis goal is a persistent challenge. Manual qualitative analysis is interpretive and labor-intensive, while existing automated methods often lack a dataset-level perspective for deciding whether a response set supports a researcher-selected analytical lens. We introduce QuAD, a framework for quantitative pre-analysis assessment of qualitative response datasets. QuAD compares a reconstructed intrinsic cluster distribution reconstructed from responses with an extrinsic, researcher-defined analytical lens derived from metadata. QuAD is structured into a four-quadrant assessment whose metrics are read jointly, from lens-level relations to within-cluster variation, to provide fitness-for-purpose signals for revealing general patterns and unique insights. Because this assessment relies on lens-conditioned inter-response dissimilarity, we propose a content-aware multi-agent system with two-stage instruction generation and adaptive anchors to improve scoring consistency. We validate QuAD through controlled experiments on synthetic data, including robustness and baseline comparisons, and a real-world social survey case study. The case study shows how QuAD quantitatively assesses whether a selected analysis axis is promising and also surfaces representative or unusual responses for human interpretation.