Whisper generation is constrained by the difficulty of data collection. Because whispered speech has low acoustic amplitude, high-fidelity recording is challenging. In this paper, we introduce WhispSynth, a large-scale multilingual corpus constructed via a novel high-fidelity generative framework. Specifically, we propose a pipeline integrating Differentiable Digital Signal Processing (DDSP)-based pitch-free method with Text-to-Speech (TTS) models. This framework refines a comprehensive collection of resources, including our newly constructed WhispNJU dataset, into 118 hours of high-fidelity whispered speech from 479 speakers. Unlike standard synthetic or noisy real data, our data engine faithfully preserves source vocal timbre and linguistic content while ensuring acoustic consistency, providing a robust foundation for text-to-whisper research. Experimental results demonstrate that WhispSynth exhibits significantly higher quality than existing corpora. Moreover, our CosyWhisper, tuned with WhispSynth, achieves speech naturalness on par with ground-truth samples. The official implementation and related resources are available at https://github.com/tan90xx/cosywhisper.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: Different Dynamic Range. Whispers exhibit a significantly lower sound pressure level compared to normal speech, even when the linguistic content is identical.
Dataset
Source
Sample Rate
Size ( h )
Avg ( s )
Language
Speaker
P?
CC Type
UTVE-I
Zhang and Hansen (2010)
44100
<1
N.A.
en
12
N
N.A.
UTVE-II
Ghaffarzadegan et al. (2014)
44100
1
N.A.
en
112
N
N.A.
AVWD
Zhou et al. (2019)
44100
<2.44
N.A.
zh
10
Y
N.A.
Whi-spe
Grozdić et al. (2012)
22050
<5
N.A.
sr
10
Y
N.A.
AV-Whisper
Tran et al. (2013)
48000
<10
N.A.
en
11
Y
N.A.
CIAIR
Kawaguchi et al. (2002)
16000
15
N.A.
ja
123
Y
N.A.
Table 1: Overview of datasets used in this work, with the highlighted (gray) rows indicating all obtainable real whisper corpora included in our study (up to 2025-01-05). Entries include data duration (Size), average utterance length (Avg), language, speaker count, whether the paired normal segments are available (P?), and license type (CC Type), “Mixed” indicates multiple license terms or sample rate, “N.A.” denotes unknown or unspecified.
Figure 2: Visualization of the WhispSynth’s generation pipeline. We apply CosyVoice3 and DDSP Model to generate pitch-free voice.
en
zh
# Train
# Test
# Train
# Test
File Count
20694
4770
32704
7256
Size (h)
29.62
6.91
65.86
15.25
Avg (s)
5.15
5.21
7.25
7.57
Speaker Count
78M 87F
15M 15F
206M 194F
26M 25F
Table 2: The statistics of the WhispReal dataset train/test distribution.
Dataset
Source
Language
Naturalness ↑
Intelligibility ↓
F0 ↓
DNSMOS
UTMOS
CER / WER (%)
VTR(%)
wTIMIT
Li-Li et al. (2005)
en
2.76
1.31
50.99
0.69
CHAINs ( subset )
Cummins et al. (2006)
en
2.76
1.48
11.55
0.95
Expresso ( subset )
Nguyen et al. (2023)
en
3.24
1.50
7.77
0.58
EARs ( subset )
Richter et al. (2024)
en
3.43
2.01
6.31
0.30
Whisper40
Yang and Zhou (2024)
zh
2.61
1.27
72.80
0.99
Table 3: Objective evaluation results on open-sourced and our proposed datasets. Comprehensive evaluation on whisper speech conversion and synthesis. Quality : Subjective naturalness (DNSMOS/UTMOS ↑ ). Intelligibility : Character/Word Error Rate ( ↓ ). Pitch : Voiced Time Ratio (VTR) ( ↓ ).
Figure 3: Results of the listening test. Whisper-likeness Mean Opinion Score (W-MOS) based on 20 participants visualized in a standard box plot.
Dataset
Naturalness ↑
Intelligibility ↓
Timbre ↑
F0 ↓
DNSMOS
UTMOS
CER / WER (%)
Cosine
VTR(%)
WhispReal
2.93
1.33
28.3/46.5
0.75
0.77
WhispSynth
3.08
1.48
12.8/29.2
0.80
0.70
Table 5: Performance comparison of our CosyWhisper fine-tuned on WhispReal versus WhispSynth.
Appendix figures & tables3 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
Figure 4: User interface of the listening test.
Language
Method
Evaluation Metrics
W-MOS ↑
UTMOS ↑
DNSMOS ↑
MCD ↓
CER ↓
SpkSim ↑
VTR ↓
Korean
CosyVoice3
3.35 ± 1.70
1.72
2.84
62.07
27.21
0.50
0.83
CosyWhisper (Ours)
3.96 ± 1.04
1.49
2.84
67.67
23.32
0.53
0.75
Japanese
CosyVoice3
2.88 ± 1.36
1.49
2.88
61.41
39.42
0.54
0.96
CosyWhisper (Ours)
4.03 ± 0.58
1.38
2.89
69.33
36.22
0.52
0.82
Appendix
Table 6: Evaluation of whisper speech synthesis on Korean and Japanese.
Figure 5: Sample spectrograms from two datasets. (a-f) English samples from the CHAINs Dataset. (g-l) Chinese samples from the WhispNJU Dataset. (a,g) CosyWhisper; (b,h) CosyVoice3 Finetuned on WhispReal; (c,i) CosyVoice3 Repeat; (d,j) WhispSynth; (e,k) WhispReal; (f,l) Normal Speech.
Whispered speech lacks vocal fold vibration and fundamental frequency, resulting in degraded acoustic cues and making whisper-to-normal (W2N) conversion challenging, especially with limited parallel data. We propose WhispEar, a bidirectional framework based on unified semantic representations that capture speaking-mode-invariant information shared by whispered and normal speech. The framework contains both W2N and normal-to-whisper (N2W) models. Notably, the N2W model enables zero-shot pseudo-parallel whisper generation from abundant normal speech, allowing scalable data augmentation for W2N training. Increasing generated data consistently improves performance. We also release the largest bilingual (Chinese-English) whispered-normal parallel corpus to date. Experiments demonstrate that WhispEar outperforms strong baselines and benefits significantly from scalable pseudo-parallel data.
Zihao Fang, Yingda Shen, Zifan Guan +3
School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China · Honor Device Co., Ltd, China
Whispered-to-normal (W2N) speech conversion aims to reconstruct missing phonation from whispered input while preserving content and speaker identity. This task is challenging due to temporal misalignment between whisper and voiced recordings and lack of paired data. We propose FlowW2N, a conditional flow matching approach that trains exclusively on synthetic, time-aligned whisper-normal pairs and conditions on domain-invariant features. We exploit high-level ASR embeddings that exhibits strong invariance between synthetic and real whispered speech, enabling generalization to real whispers despite never observing it during training. We verify this invariance across ASR layers and propose a selection criterion optimizing content informativeness and cross-domain invariance. Our method achieves SOTA intelligibility on the CHAINS and wTIMIT datasets, reducing Word Error Rate by 26-46% relative to prior work while using only 10 steps at inference and requiring no real paired data, validated by a subjective listening study and F0-contour analysis.
Fabian Ritter-Gutierrez, Md Asif Jalal, Pablo Peso Parada +5
Samsung Electronics R&D Institute UK (SRUK), London, United Kingdom · Samsung Electronics, Mobile eXperience Business, Suwon, Republic of Korea
Building state-of-the-art text-to-speech (TTS) systems typically demands millions of hours of proprietary data and complex multi-stage architectures, creating substantial barriers for resource-constrained research teams. In this report, we present PilotTTS, a lightweight autoregressive TTS system that achieves competitive performance through minimalist architecture and rigorous data engineering. PilotTTS is trained on only 200K hours of data processed entirely with open-source tools. Specifically, our contributions are: (1) a reproducible multi-stage data processing pipeline covering quality assessment, label annotation, and filtering, and (2) a compact model architecture that employs Q-Former-based conditioning to decouple speaker identity from speaking style via cross-sample paired training. Within a unified framework, PilotTTS supports zero-shot voice cloning, emotion synthesis (11 categories), paralinguistic synthesis (4 categories), and Chinese dialect synthesis (14 dialects). On the Seed-TTS Eval benchmark, PilotTTS achieves the lowest WER of 1.50% on test-en, a CER of 0.87% on test-zh, and the highest speaker similarity on both test sets (0.862 and 0.815), outperforming systems trained on significantly larger datasets. We release the complete data pipeline recipe, pretrained weights, and code at https://github.com/AMAPVOICE/PilotTTS.
Bowen Li, Shaotong Guo, Zhen Wang +11
Amap, Alibaba Group · The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen