OGScene3D: Incremental Open-Vocabulary 3D Gaussian Scene Graph Mapping for Scene Understanding

Integrating open-vocabulary semantic information into dynamic 3D scene representations is essential for long-term embodied scene understanding. However, existing methods often suffer from fragile instance association due to incomplete cross-view cues, while their limited ability to handle object-level topological changes restricts long-term robotic task execution. Moreover, current 3D scene understanding methods either rely on simple feature matching without explicit spatial reasoning or assume offline ground-truth 3D geometry. To address these challenges, we present DGSG-Mind, a hybrid instance-aware 3D Gaussian dynamic scene graph system with an embodied reasoning agent. Our system couples a probabilistic voxel grid with explicit 3D Gaussians to enable robust cross-modal instance fusion and incremental semantic mapping. It handles dynamic changes through Gaussian-based visual relocalization and localized masked refinement guided by geometric-semantic consistency. Built on the instance Gaussian map, DGSG-Mind further constructs a hierarchical scene graph and develops the 3D Gaussian Mind, which integrates structural relations, spatial-semantic information, and visually annotated RoI Gaussian renderings for multimodal reasoning. Extensive experiments show that DGSG-Mind achieves the best zero-shot 3DVG performance among methods operating on self-reconstructed maps, while also delivering strong performance in 3D open-vocabulary semantic segmentation and scene reconstruction. We further deploy DGSG-Mind on real-world robots to demonstrate its target-oriented reasoning and dynamic update capabilities. The project page of DGSG-Mind is available at https://icr-lab.github.io/DGSG-Mind

Open-vocabulary 3D scene graph methods typically operate in two stages: first reconstruct, then enrich with vision-language models, leaving the graph unqueryable during exploration. We argue that this sequential coupling is unnecessary and propose an asynchronous architecture in which lightweight online mapping runs concurrently with heavyweight semantic refinement. A probabilistic voxel-based backbone maintains stable object identities incrementally, while background VLM agents progressively enrich the graph. This framework resolves duplicate object tracks through semantic loop closure, attaches fine-grained visual attributes and derives spatial relations between objects. A multi-target frame scheduler amortizes VLM cost by selecting a small set of informative frames that jointly cover multiple targets. The resulting scene graph is queryable during exploration and grows in semantic richness over time. Our method matches or outperforms existing open-vocabulary 3D scene graph methods on semantic segmentation (ScanNet, Replica) and surpasses the prior state-of-the-art across three visual grounding benchmarks (Sr3D+, Nr3D, ScanRefer) by 15.3 to 18.8 [email protected]. Project page: https://denizbickici.github.io/thinkgraphs/

Dense 3D mapping with semantic understanding is essential for robotic perception in complex environments. Recent 3D Gaussian Splatting-based mapping approaches enable high-fidelity geometry and efficient open-vocabulary perception, but typically represent semantics as unstructured feature fields that limit object-centric reasoning. In contrast, 3D scene graphs explicitly model objects and their relationships for structured reasoning, but are commonly constructed from sparse geometric representations that do not fully exploit dense semantic maps. In this work, we present OpenSplatGraph, a unified framework that constructs persistent 3D scene graphs directly from an online Gaussian-based open-vocabulary semantic map. The proposed framework augments the dense semantic map with a reliability-aware semantic field that maintains lightweight observation statistics for confidence-aware, query-conditioned object extraction. Extracted object instances are associated with persistent graph nodes, allowing object attributes and relationships to be incrementally updated across observations and queries. By tightly coupling dense semantic mapping with persistent object-centric representations, our framework supports both language-guided object grounding and structured relational reasoning while preserving the geometric fidelity of Gaussian-based mapping. Comprehensive evaluations on standard 3D scene understanding benchmarks and real-world robotic experiments demonstrate that OpenSplatGraph achieves competitive performance for online open-vocabulary perception and downstream robotic tasks. Project page: https://csiro-robotics.github.io/OpenSplatGraph.