With the widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles and robotics, amodal completion, which reconstructs the occluded parts of people and objects in an image, has become increasingly crucial. Just as humans infer hidden regions based on prior experience and common sense, this task inherently requires physical knowledge about real-world entities. However, existing approaches either depend solely on the image generation ability of visual generative models, which lack such knowledge, or leverage it only during the segmentation stage, preventing it from explicitly guiding the completion process. To address this, we propose AmodalCG, a novel framework that harnesses the real-world knowledge of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to guide amodal completion. Our framework first assesses the extent of occlusion to selectively invoke MLLM guidance only when the target object is heavily occluded. If guidance is required, the framework further incorporates MLLMs to reason about both the (1) extent and (2) content of the missing regions. Finally, a visual generative model integrates these guidance and iteratively refines imperfect completions that may arise from inaccurate MLLM guidance. Experimental results on various real-world images show impressive improvements compared to all existing works, suggesting MLLMs as a promising direction for addressing challenging amodal completion.
Figures & tables
Figure 2: Completion results when meaningful parts of the target object are occluded. Stable Diffusion (SD) inpainting [ 17 ] often generates objects other than the target object. Existing amodal completion methods [ 15 , 21 , 1 ] lack an understanding of what should be generated for the missing parts. In contrast, our method provides explicit guidance on what should be reconstructed.
Figure 3: Overview of AmodalCG. Our framework first determines which samples would benefit from MLLM guidance ( Guidance Decision Module ). For those requiring guidance, the MLLM generates two key types of information about the occluded part of the target object: (1) the bounding box size of the full target object ( Geometric Guidance Module ) and (2) textual descriptions of the occluded region ( Semantic Guidance Module ). These are then incorporated into the completion process through a multi-scale expansion strategy, which selects the appropriate bounding box scale among the MLLM’s predictions ( Inpainting Module ).
Figure 4: Amodal completion results based on inpainting mask size. Unwanted objects are generated when the inpainting mask is substantially larger than the actual occluded region.
Figure 5: Example of the Geometric Guidance Module predicting multi-scale bounding boxes for the full target object.
Figure 6: Without masking occluders, MLLMs tend to describe occluders as well, resulting in extraneous generation in the final output. We highlight the semantic category of the target object in blue and the descriptions of the occluders in red .
Figure 7: Example of the Semantic Guidance Module generating detailed descriptions of occluded regions.
Figure 8: Qualitative evaluation of our method.
Method
COCO-A
BSDS-A
MP3D-A
Hard
Moderate
Easy
Hard
Moderate
Easy
Hard
Moderate
Easy
pix2gestalt
64.77
80.32
85.93
55.74
86.53
87.35
48.81
70.92
78.74
MC Diffusion
59.01
73.17
86.90
57.37
64.73
74.59
42.66
64.29
74.67
OWAAC
51.06
62.41
78.72
54.10
64.86
71.56
46.76
66.52
75.75
Ours
75.09
86.49
92.37
67.09
86.60
90.25
51.73
75.83
84.09
Table 1: Results on amodal segmentation by occlusion ratio.
Method
Occluded
Separated
Top 1 ↑
Top 3 ↑
Top 1 ↑
Top 3 ↑
No completion
34.00
49.26
21.10
34.70
pix2gestalt
43.39
58.97
31.15
45.77
MC Diffusion
44.74
62.07
34.50
49.72
OWAAC
40.50
55.30
27.83
40.97
Ours
45.06
62.99
40.01
56.70
Table 2: Qualitative evaluation on occluded object recognition using two datasets. We report Top 1 and Top 3 accuracy (%) using CLIP as a classification model.
COCO-A
BSDS-A
MP3D-A
GCR ↑
GSR ↑
GCR ↑
GSR ↑
GCR ↑
GSR ↑
94.18
48.73
98.17
35.02
99.62
-
Table 3: Guidance Call/Skip Rate (GCR/GSR) (%) of the Guidance Decision Module. GSR is not reported for MP3D-A, as it does not contain samples with low occlusion ( i.e . , < 10%).
Figure 9: Failure cases where the Guidance Decision Module failed to skip guidance.
Figure 10: Completion results across different mask scales.
Method
COCO-A
mIoU ↑ (%)
SD Inpainting (w/o guidance)
74.77
+ geometric guidance (single scale)
85.64
+ semantic guidance
85.60
+ multi-scale expansion (Ours)
86.31
Table 4: Ablation study of our framework. Each component is sequentially added.
Method
Occluded
Separated
Top 1 ↑
Top 3 ↑
Top 1 ↑
Top 3 ↑
Ours w/o semantic guidance
44.54
62.65
39.04
56.33
Ours
45.06
62.99
40.01
56.70
Table 5: Effectiveness of our semantic guidance in OOR.
Figure 11: (a) Image of the target object. (b) Completion results with a semantic category as a text prompt. (c) Completion results with a description generated without masking occluders. (d) Ours.
Figure 12: Occlusion percentage of the three datasets.
Figure 13: Examples of the three datasets.
Figure 14: A comparison of the descriptions generated by the MLLM when using visual prompts with and without occluder masking. In the descriptions, the semantic category of the target object is highlighted in bold , and descriptions of the occluders are highlighted in red .
Figure 15: Examples of inpainting masks generated by our method. The target object is highlighted with a red box in each image. The target objects are a house in the first image, a man in the second, and a car in the third.
Figure 16: MLLM occasionally includes descriptions of objects that are not present in the image but are related to the image context.
Method
COCO-A
BSDS-A
mIoU ↑ (%)
mIoU ↑ (%)
Original inpainting mask
48.00
52.02
Our inpainting mask
78.97
74.60
Table 6: Accuracy of our inpainting mask.
Figure 17: Examples of failure cases. Our method tends to avoid overly aggressive estimation, even in the case of coarse estimation. (a) Fails to predict the size of a long fence. (b) Matches the ground truth size well but still fails to predict a long fence.
Figure 18: Additional qualitative results of our method in amodal completion.
Figure 19: Additional qualitative results of our method in amodal completion.
Image inpainting reconstructs missing or corrupted image regions using surrounding context, learned visual priors, and optional structural or reference guidance.
Conditional image generation methods are increasingly used in human-centric applications, yet existing human amodal completion (HAC) models offer users limited control over the completed content. Given an occluded person image, they hallucinate invisible regions while preserving visible ones, but cannot reliably incorporate user-specified constraints such as a desired pose or spatial extent. As a result, users often resort to repeatedly sampling the model until they obtain a satisfactory output. Pose-guided person image synthesis (PGPIS) methods allow explicit pose conditioning, but frequently fail to preserve the instance-specific visible appearance and tend to be biased toward the training distribution, even when built on strong diffusion model priors. To address these limitations, we introduce promptable human amodal completion (PHAC), a new task that completes occluded human images while satisfying both visible appearance constraints and multiple user prompts. Users provide simple point-based prompts, such as additional joints for the target pose or bounding boxes for desired regions; these prompts are encoded using ControlNet modules specialized for each prompt type. These modules inject the prompt signals into a pre-trained diffusion model, and we fine-tune only the cross-attention blocks to obtain strong prompt alignment without degrading the underlying generative prior. To further preserve visible content, we propose an inpainting-based refinement module that starts from a slightly noised coarse completion, faithfully preserves the visible regions, and ensures seamless blending at occlusion boundaries. Extensive experiments on the HAC and PGPIS benchmarks show that our approach yields more physically plausible and higher-quality completions, while significantly improving prompt alignment compared with existing amodal completion and pose-guided synthesis methods.
Amodal segmentation is a challenging task that aims to predict the complete geometric shape of objects, including their occluded regions. Although existing methods primarily focus on amodal segmentation within the training domain, these approaches often lack the generalization capacity to extend effectively to novel object categories and unseen contexts. This paper introduces Amodal SAM, a unified framework that leverages SAM (Segment Anything Model) for both amodal image and amodal video segmentation. Amodal SAM preserves the powerful generalization ability of SAM while extending its inherent capabilities to the amodal segmentation task. The improvements lie in three aspects: (1) a lightweight Spatial Completion Adapter that enables occluded region reconstruction, (2) a Target-Aware Occlusion Synthesis (TAOS) pipeline that addresses the scarcity of amodal annotations by generating diverse synthetic training data, and (3) novel learning objectives that enforce regional consistency and topological regularization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Amodal SAM achieves state-of-the-art performance on standard benchmarks, while simultaneously exhibiting robust generalization to novel scenarios. We anticipate that this research will advance the field toward practical amodal segmentation systems capable of operating effectively in unconstrained real-world environments.
Bo Zhang, Zhuotao Tian, Xin Tao +3
Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China · Kuaishou Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
Generating complete 3D objects under partial occlusions (i.e., amodal scenarios) is a practically important yet challenging problem, as large portions of object geometry are unobserved in real-world scenarios. Existing approaches either operate directly in 3D, which ensures geometric consistency but often lacks generative expressiveness, or rely on 2D amodal completion, which provides strong appearance priors but does not guarantee reliable 3D structure. This raises a key question: how can we achieve both generative plausibility and geometric coherence in amodal 3D modeling? To answer this question, we introduce GENA3D (GENarative Amodal 3D), a framework that integrates learned 2D generative priors with explicit 3D geometric reasoning within a conditional 3D generation paradigm. The 2D priors enable the model to plausibly infer diverse occluded content, while the 3D representation enforces multi-view consistency and spatial validity. Our design incorporates a novel View-Wise Cross-Attention for multi-view alignment and a Stereo-Conditioned Cross-Attention to anchor generative predictions in 3D relationships. By combining generative imagination with structural constraints, GENA3D generates complete and coherent 3D objects from limited observations without sacrificing geometric fidelity. Experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms existing approaches in both synthetic and real-world amodal scenarios, highlighting the effectiveness of bridging 2D priors and 3D coherence in generating plausible and geometrically consistent 3D structures in complex environments.