SenseAI: A Human-in-the-Loop Dataset for RLHF-Aligned Financial Sentiment Reasoning

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong general capabilities, yet their deployment in finance remains challenging due to dense domain-specific terminology, stringent numerical reasoning requirements, and low tolerance for factual errors. We conduct a controlled empirical study showing that in specialized vertical domains, performance is largely determined by the quality and difficulty/verifiability profile of post-training data. We introduce ODA-Fin-SFT-318k, constructed via multi-stage distillation and verification to produce high-quality Chain-of-Thought supervision, and ODA-Fin-RL-12k, curated for hard-but-verifiable tasks that balance reward precision and task diversity. Using standard SFT and RL pipelines, we show that high-quality CoT distillation establishes a robust foundation during SFT, while difficulty- and verifiability-aware sampling improves RL generalization. Evaluated on nine benchmarks spanning general financial tasks, sentiment analysis, and numerical reasoning, our ODA-Fin-RL-8B consistently surpasses open-source state-of-the-art (SOTA) financial LLMs of comparable size. We release our ODA-Fin-SFT-318k and ODA-Fin-RL-12k datasets, along with trained models to advance data-centric financial AI research.

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in financial research workflows, where their role is evolving from single-model assistance for human analysts toward autonomous collaboration among multiple agents. Yet real-world deployments still expose factual errors, numerical inconsistencies, and shallow analysis, which can distort assessments of corporate fundamentals and trigger severe economic losses. While existing benchmarks have begun to evaluate such failures, they score all aspects of the generated analysis in one pass, failing to distinguish whether a model fails at foundational stages like auditing and correction, or underperforms at generating research-grade insights. Consequently, it obscures capability bottlenecks and the specialized strengths essential for multi-agent role assignment. To address these gaps, we introduce FinReasoning, a hierarchical benchmark that decomposes the core capabilities of financial research into semantic consistency, data alignment, and deep insight. We further propose a fine-grained evaluation framework that strengthens hallucination-correction assessment and incorporates a 12-indicator rubric for core analytical skills. FinReasoning reveals clear capability stratification across model types. Closed-source models (like Doubao-Seed-1.8) perform strongly overall and are better suited for core reasoning agents in multi-agent financial systems; open-source general models (like Qwen3-235B) show clear capability divergence and consistently underperform on Semantic Consistency, making them less suited for quality-sensitive generation tasks; financial-domain models (like Fin-R1) generate moderate insights but lack foundational auditing skills. Our work has already been deployed in pilot tests across several real-world scenarios. The resource is available at https://github.com/TongjiFinLab/FinReasoning.

Do Large Language Models (LLMs) possess genuine structural reasoning, or merely rely on surface-level pattern matching? The financial domain, demanding numerical precision and multi-step logic over long contexts, is an ideal testbed. Existing benchmarks fail to capture real-world industrial complexity, predominantly relying on multiple-choice questions or single-hop QA over cropped tables while ignoring intricate cross-statement dynamics and temporal de-cumulation. To bridge this gap, we introduce FinIndices, a large-scale benchmark evaluating data-processing fidelity over uncropped financial statements (up to 32K tokens). Utilizing an automated synthesis pipeline with adversarial traps, FinIndices encompasses Single-Index computation and Table-Index tabulation to test complex domain, temporal, and caliber reasoning. Our evaluation reveals two severe LLM vulnerabilities. First, a "Knowledge Bottleneck": despite memorizing formulas during pre-training, models demonstrate fragile pattern matching. Removing explicit formula hints causes performance to collapse (e.g., Gemini-3.1-Pro drops from 70.70% to 38.22% on table tasks), exposing fatal flaws in temporal de-cumulation and stock-flow caliber mismatch. Second, a "Structural Bottleneck": the intense cognitive load of generating multi-metric, multi-period tables actively drains reasoning capacity. Under structural pressure, LLMs that flawlessly execute isolated derivations regress to shallow heuristics, such as fetching incorrect adjacent columns or substituting deep accounting adjustments with lazy literal arithmetic. Finally, Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) yields substantial zero-hint gains (+8.54% Single, +3.82% Table), validating that structured logic can be partially restored via data-centric alignment.