With recent semantic query processing engines, semantic aggregation has become a primitive operator, enabling the reduction of a relation into a natural language aggregate using an LLM. However, the resulting semantic aggregate may contain claims that are not grounded in the underlying relation. Verifying such claims is challenging: they often involve quantifiers, groupings, and comparisons over relations that far exceed LLM context windows and require a costly combination of semantic and symbolic processing. We present Evergreen, a system that recasts claim verification as a semantic query processing task with tailored optimizations and provenance capture. Evergreen compiles each claim into a declarative semantic verification query that can execute on the same query engine used to produce the aggregate. To reduce cost, Evergreen avoids unnecessary LLM calls through verification-aware optimizations, including early stopping, relevance sorting, and estimation with confidence sequences, as well as general-purpose optimizations for semantic queries, such as operator fusion, similarity filtering, and prompt caching. Each verdict is accompanied by citations that identify a minimal set of tuples justifying the result, with semantics based on semiring provenance for first-order logic. On a benchmark of production-inspired workloads over restaurant review and customer support datasets, Evergreen's optimized configurations occupy the entire cost-quality Pareto frontier. With a strong LLM, Evergreen preserves verification quality at an F1 of 0.94 while reducing cost by 3.1x relative to unoptimized verification; with a substantially weaker LLM, it surpasses the strongest external baseline's F1 (0.87 vs. 0.83) at 7.0x lower cost.
We present a novel approach for claim verification from tabular data documents. Recent LLM-based approaches either employ complex pretraining/fine-tuning or decompose verification into subtasks, often lacking comprehensive explanations and generalizability. To address these limitations, we propose a Multi-Agentic framework for Claim verification (MACE) consisting of three specialized agents: Planner, Executor, and Verifier. Instead of elaborate finetuning, each agent employs a zero-shot Chain-of-Thought setup to perform its tasks. MACE produces interpretable verification traces, with the Planner generating explicit reasoning strategies, the Executor providing detailed computation steps, and the Verifier validating the logic. Experiments demonstrate that MACE achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on two datasets and performs on par with the best models on two others, while achieving 80--100% of best performance with substantially smaller models: 27--92B parameters versus 235B. This combination of competitive performance, memory efficiency, and transparent reasoning highlights our framework's effectiveness.
Rudra Ranajee Saha, Laks V. S. Lakshmanan, Raymond T. Ng
Claim verification splits between end-to-end classifiers that are accurate but yields no inspectable traces, and decomposition-based methods produce inspectable traces but lag performance on benchmark datasets. We propose DecomposeRL an accurate claim-verifier that produce inspectable traces. DecomposeRL frames decomposition as an RL policy trained with GRPO and a multi-faceted reward ensemble, enabling both fully supervised and semi-supervised learning from unlabeled claims. DecomposeRL addresses the prohibitive training cost of GRPO with a data-curation funnel that distills 115K fact-verification claims into a compact, learning-signal-dense subset of 5K claims. We show that a DecomposeRL-7B policy trained with full supervision on only ~5K curated claims achieves 86.3 in-domain and 69.8 out-of-domain balanced accuracy across 11 claim-verification benchmarks containing biomedical, political, scientific, and general-domain claims. Despite being 4x smaller, it matches 32B baselines and GPT-4.1-mini, and it further outperforms baselines in a semi-supervised setting with only 10% labeled claims data. Code, data, and models are available at https://dipta007.github.io/DecomposeRL
Shubhashis Roy Dipta, Ankur Padia, Francis Ferraro
Large language models (LLMs) excel in generating fluent utterances but can lack reliable grounding in verified information. At the same time, knowledge-graph-based fact-checkers deliver precise and interpretable evidence, yet suffer from limited coverage or latency. By integrating LLMs with knowledge graphs and real-time search agents, we introduce a hybrid fact-checking approach that leverages the individual strengths of each component. Our system comprises three autonomous steps: 1) a Knowledge Graph (KG) Retrieval for rapid one-hop lookups in DBpedia, 2) an LM-based classification guided by a task-specific labeling prompt, producing outputs with internal rule-based logic, and 3) a Web Search Agent invoked only when KG coverage is insufficient. Our pipeline achieves an F1 score of 0.93 on the FEVER benchmark on the Supported/Refuted split without task-specific fine-tuning. To address Not enough information cases, we conduct a targeted reannotation study showing that our approach frequently uncovers valid evidence for claims originally labeled as Not Enough Information (NEI), as confirmed by both expert annotators and LLM reviewers. With this paper, we present a modular, opensource fact-checking pipeline with fallback strategies and generalization across datasets.
Shaghayegh Kolli, Richard Rosenbaum, Timo Cavelius +3