We propose PURGE, a machine unlearning algorithm built on a simple but an under-exploited observation: continual learning (CL) and machine unlearning (MU) which are fundamentally dual problems. CL tries to learn new tasks without forgetting old ones; MU tries to erase specific data without hurting retained performance representing the same underlying tension in opposite directions. PURGE leverages this duality by adapting gradient projection from A-GEM (Chaudhry et al., 2019) so that every unlearning step is constrained to not increase the retain-set loss. On top of this, it performs multi-layer representation erasure, pushing forget-set activations in intermediate layers towards the retain distribution to remove information from hidden representations rather than just suppressing it at the output. A key design choice is the retain-confusion target: rather than pushing forget outputs toward the uniform distribution, which we found to be surprisingly easy for membership inference attacks to detect, we instead target the model's natural confusion pattern on retain data. This makes the unlearned model hard to distinguish from one retrained from scratch. Two self-regulating stopping criteria (a retain-loss budget and a forget-accuracy target) let the algorithm decide on its own when to stop, removing the need for manual epoch tuning. In experiments on five datasets (CIFAR-10, MNIST, SVHN, STL10, PathMNIST) across 22 class-level forgetting tasks, PURGE consistently keeps retain accuracy above 96% while achieving MIA AUROC close to 0.5 (the ideal), outperforming gradient ascent, KL-uniform, and several published baselines on the privacy-utility frontier.
Machine unlearning aims to remove the influence of specific forget training data due to privacy, copyright or bias concerns while maintaining the model performance on the remaining retain data. Existing unlearning algorithms, such as optimizing a weighted combination of losses, have tried to achieve these objectives of improving forget quality and maintaining retain utility. However, they do not guarantee that these objectives can be improved by a specified extent for all forget and retain data. In this work, we address this limitation with a novel and theoretically-grounded approach from a constrained optimization perspective. Firstly, we identify that the hardness of reconciling both objectives can be quantified by the similarity between the forget data and the retain data. Next, we derive an unlearning algorithm (HAMU) with the overall goal of guaranteeing a specified improvement in forget quality while minimizing the retain utility cost/degradation by updating the model weights based on our hardness measure. Our hardness measure also informs users when retain utility degradation is unavoidable, i.e., both objectives cannot be improved simultaneously, and stopping should be considered. Our algorithm is applicable to non-convex models and is easily parallelizable, making it readily deployable in real-world scenarios. We empirically demonstrate HAMU's superior performance over baselines on both image and text datasets using large models. Our code is available at https://github.com/aoi3142/HAMU.
Current machine unlearning methods predominantly rely on global, coarse-grained intervention strategies. They lack precise pilot signals to guide the unlearning process and fail to provide differentiable guidance across different unlearning tasks. Due to the varying memorization strengths of samples during original training, such a uniform strategy leads to two problems: some samples are over-unlearned, which harms model utility; while others are under-unlearned, leaving residual information that can be exploited by privacy attacks. In this paper, we propose GSUO, a guidance-signal-aware unlearning optimization framework that designs task-specific fine-grained guidance signals to steer the unlearning process and is applicable to both random-subset and class-wise forgetting tasks. Extensive experiments demonstrate that GSUO outperforms 14 baselines in terms of both unlearning effectiveness and generalization, while achieving high efficiency and significant speedups, validating its effectiveness for reliable machine unlearning.
Privacy protection laws, such as the GDPR, grant individuals the right to request the forgetting of their personal data not only from databases but also from machine learning (ML) models trained on them. Machine unlearning has emerged as a practical means to facilitate model forgetting of data instances seen during training. Although some existing machine unlearning methods guarantee exact forgetting, they are typically costly in computational terms. On the other hand, more affordable methods do not offer forgetting guarantees and are applicable only to specific ML models. In this paper, we present \emph{efficient unlearning with privacy guarantees} (EUPG), a novel machine unlearning framework that offers formal privacy guarantees to individuals whose data are being unlearned. EUPG involves pre-training ML models on data protected using privacy models, and it enables {\em efficient unlearning with the privacy guarantees offered by the privacy models in use}. Through empirical evaluation on four heterogeneous data sets protected with k-anonymity and ε-differential privacy as privacy models, our approach demonstrates utility and forgetting effectiveness comparable to those of exact unlearning methods, while significantly reducing computational and storage costs. Our code is available at https://github.com/najeebjebreel/EUPG.
Josep Domingo-Ferrer, Najeeb Jebreel, David Sánchez