Toward the Whole Picture: Accumulative Fingerprint Mapping and Reconstruction for Small-Area Mobile Sensors

Fingerprint recognition is still dominated by task-specific pipelines, where enhancement, structural parsing, alignment, and matching are optimized in isolation. Although effective in narrow settings, this design limits representation reuse across sensors, qualities, and downstream applications. We therefore present UoU, short for ``a \textbf{U}niversal fingerprint foundation model based \textbf{o}n large-scale \textbf{U}nsupervised learning,'' which reframes fingerprint feature extraction as a domain-specific foundation-model problem. UoU is organized around a multi-level representation hierarchy spanning image restoration, structural fields, semantic tokens, point-level biometric entities, and compact global descriptors. Its training recipe combines a supervised cold start on precise annotations, large-scale weakly supervised refinement, and large-scale unsupervised consolidation, with the latter two stages iterated during large-scale training so that weak supervision broadens semantic coverage while unsupervised learning stabilizes correspondences, invariances, and representation geometry. Rather than treating fingerprint imagery as generic texture, UoU exploits domain-specific symmetries and intermediate structure, including orientation flow, periodic ridge patterns, sparse biometric entities, and spatial equivariance. The framework is intentionally architecture-agnostic: while the present study includes an initial transformer-based structured-prediction instantiation, the broader design supports multi-task learning, scalable model configurations, and downstream specialization for matching, alignment, enhancement, registration, and related fingerprint applications. This paper presents the technical motivation, system design, and validation protocol of UoU, and part of the baseline implementation is publicly available at https://github.com/XiongjunGuan/UoU.

Fingerprints are the most widely deployed biometric. Verifying whether two impressions come from the same finger typically relies on minutiae, small landmarks such as skin ridge endings and bifurcations. These landmarks are extracted through a multi-stage pipeline of image enhancement, skeletonization, minutiae detection, and alignment. We investigate an alternative: using topological data analysis to represent the full pattern of skin ridges and valleys directly, bypassing minutiae detection and the downstream matching pipeline. We apply persistent homology, a topological tool that tracks how loops in the ridge pattern form and fill in across spatial scales, producing multi-scale summaries of ridge geometry. We develop and compare a range of verification methods on a standard benchmark dataset, FVC2000 DB1. Even the simplest topological summaries, with no trained parameters, substantially outperform geometry-only baselines. A trained method achieves an AUC of 0.91, while an optimal-transport method excels at the strictest false-accept thresholds, suggesting they capture different aspects of the ridge pattern. Fusing these two approaches yields the best performance at every low false-accept threshold we examine. Our results establish that these topological summaries capture substantial fingerprint identity information, far more effective for verification than raw pixel-level geometry. Because the entire pipeline is openly specified, it offers a transparent complement to minutiae-based systems, and we provide a modular framework for constructing, evaluating, and combining topological verification methods.

Automated fingermark identification is the foundation of forensic investigation, yet progress in the field is held back by fragmented, closed-source solutions trained on private or discontinued data. We present AFID, a unified open-source framework for friction ridge image processing that performs recognition, quality assessment, and feature extraction based on a single shared encoder, trained exclusively on publicly available data. At its core is a fixed-length representation learned for identity discrimination, trained under heavy augmentation. Despite applying essentially no preprocessing beyond resizing and padding at inference, AFID sets a new state of the art in fixed-length fingermark recognition, leading identification across NIST SD 27 (67.6% rank-1) , SD 302 (54.9% rank-1), and SD 303 (67.6% rank-1), surpassing a commercial matcher on fingermarks. From the same frozen backbone, a quality assessment module predicts recognition utility more accurately than any compared baseline and generalizes across independent matchers, while lightweight decoders recover minutiae, ridge orientation, and segmentation competitive with dedicated methods. The framework proves that a single, efficiently trained encoder can support the full fingermark processing pipeline, from recognition through quality assessment all the way to feature extraction. To accelerate research on fingermark analysis even further, we release the code, models, and annotations to the community.