The Stanford EDGAR Filings Dataset: Reconstructing U.S. Corporate and Financial Disclosures into Layout-Faithful and Token-Efficient Pretraining Data

High-dimensional dense text embeddings and large language models face real obstacles in financial-disclosure analysis: context-window limits, hallucination risk, high computational cost, and the arbitrary rotation of vector spaces across independently trained models. We present a training-free, alignment-free framework for corporate intelligence built on deterministic sparse seed vectors. Hashing word strings into a fixed high-dimensional basis places all documents and all temporal epochs in a common coordinate system by construction, removing any need for training or alignment. Accumulating these seed vectors across sentence contexts yields corpus-specific semantic signatures that compose linearly, supporting sub-second document comparison, issuer fingerprinting, tracking of how an issuer's vocabulary shifts between filings, and thematic sentence extraction, all on ordinary CPU hardware. Demonstrating the approach on a multi-year corpus of SEC filings (10-K, 10-Q, 8-K), we show how material corporate events, among them Boeing's 737 MAX crisis, Intel's supply-chain disruptions, and Bunge's acquisition of Viterra, emerge as distinct, interpretable semantic profiles, each traceable to the exact source sentences that produced it, with no domain-specific training and no LLM inference.

Finance reporting is a natural proving ground for large language models, and the very-long-context capabilities of recent models across all sizes make rigorous evaluation in this domain an increasingly pressing need. Yet most public financial resources reduce the task to plain-text SEC 10-K filings paired with a handful of question-answer items. We release LEDGER (Long-context Evaluation of Documents for Grounded Extraction and Retrieval), a corpus of 4,999 digitized corporate annual reports - full documents with figures, tables, and narrative, not just regulatory filings. Each report is labeled with 31 consolidated financial KPIs to be extracted and linked to the market's reaction at the earnings date. From this data we derive three evaluation benchmarks spanning the difficulty spectrum: a pure page-level KPI retrieval task with TREC-style relevance judgments over 118,048 questions in natural language, a conversational "needle-in-a-haystack" single-value lookup, and a full KPI extraction task, both from long, numerically dense reports. We additionally provide human OCR-quality annotations with inter-annotator agreement and the complete extraction, validation, and scoring toolchain. We further demonstrate the dataset's research utility with a case study linking CEO-letter rhetoric to post-publication market impact.

We introduce FinVerBench, a benchmark and validity study for financial statement verification: determining whether a set of corporate financial statements is numerically consistent from the information shown to the model. FinVerBench is built from SEC 10-K XBRL filings for 43 S&P 500 companies and defines a four-category error taxonomy covering arithmetic, cross-statement linkage, year-over-year, and magnitude perturbations. We attempt fifteen contemporary LLM evaluations and report fourteen complete runs; a Gemini 2.5 Pro run is excluded from the main comparison because 40/108 gateway calls failed. All binary metrics exclude underdetermined positive instances whose perturbed line item is not rendered, leaving a 105-instance observable diagnostic subset (43 clean, 62 error-injected). Under the original guided-checklist prompt on the unrounded diagnostic subset, nine of fourteen complete LLM runs produce 95-100% false positives on clean statements, while one run achieves 0% observed false positives. Benchmark rendering choices materially affect measured recall: on a realistic rounded variant of the same observable subset, the calibrated model's recall is 79.0% with 0% observed FPR, compared with 100.0% recall on the unrounded diagnostic variant. These results support a construct-validity conclusion rather than a final leaderboard: financial statement verification is not merely arithmetic detection, but calibrated judgment under incomplete observability, prompt-induced assumptions, and realistic numerical rendering. FinVerBench and all code are publicly available.