Abstract
Masculinity in nineteenth-century fiction is not a single ideal but a field of competing scripts. Drawing on 150 British and American canonical novels from the txtLAB Novel450 corpus, published between 1771 and 1930, this paper examines the changing relative prominence of competing models of masculine authority. To focus the analysis on masculine characterisation, the study extracts male-character-centred text windows by using coreference resolution to group names, nominal mentions, and pronouns into character-specific reference chains. It then fits an unsupervised structural topic model with publication year and author gender as topic-prevalence covariates. The model identifies six distinct masculine formations: aristocratic-chivalric, Christian manhood, gentlemanly respectability, country squire, professional-commercial, and imperial/adventure. Across the corpus, formations tied to inherited rank and sacred authority decline, while those organised around paid work and adventure rise. The largest increase occurs not in professional-commercial breadwinning but in imperial/adventure masculinity, particularly the frontier-wilderness register. The trajectory points to a reallocation from inherited and sacred status towards achieved, commercial, and expansionary forms of masculine authority. Adventurous and commercial formations are also more prevalent in novels by authors recorded as male. Because these formations emerge without a seeded vocabulary yet align with categories established in independent scholarship, the article offers a reproducible method for measuring the reorganisation of gendered authority across the long nineteenth century.
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