Learning Subgroup Relations Using Siamese Graph Neural Networks

Finite groups are rigid algebraic objects, whose Cayley graphs expose a rich network geometry through which group-theoretic structure can be measured, compared, and learned. In this paper, a dataset of $131{,}406$ Cayley graphs is constructed, covering all groups of order at most $767$ except order $512$, recording exact algebraic labels for group properties together with a broad collection of graph, cycle, distance, and spectral statistics. This census aims to provide novel benchmarks for studying how finite-group properties are reflected in Cayley graph observables. It also yields new enumerative contributions: alongside recovering known OEIS sequences for standard group classes, new sequences for monolithic groups and for groups generated by at most three, four, and five elements are contributed to the OEIS. The accompanying network analysis identifies several empirical regularities and formulates testable conjectures, including relationships involving square clustering, Cayley graph diameter, average graph disorder, and spectral eigengaps of nilpotent groups. Finally, a comparison between classical models, an MLP, and graph neural network architectures is performed for predicting algebraic group properties directly from Cayley graph data. The results show that engineered graph statistics are highly informative, while GNNs, especially GIN and in some fixed-order settings GCN, can recover substantial structural signal directly from the graph. Such that graph-aware architectures show phases of optimality on these group-theoretic graph representations.

A Graph Neural Network (GNN) framework for predicting the solvability of finite groups from their Cayley graph representations was introduced in [1]. In the present work, we generalize this approach and develop a property-independent framework for learning algebraic properties of finite groups directly from Cayley graphs. As representative case studies, we consider abelianity, nilpotency, and solvability. Using a common GNN architecture and training pipeline, we investigate the extent to which algebraic structure can be recovered from graph-based representations alone. Results on a collection of finite groups drawn from several families demonstrate that the framework successfully learns and distinguishes multiple algebraic properties from their associated Cayley graphs. These findings suggest that substantial algebraic information is encoded in graph representations and can be extracted through GNNs. More broadly, the proposed framework provides a proof of concept for applying graph representation learning to the study of algebraic properties of finite groups.

We present a Graph Neural Network (GNN) framework for the classification of finite groups according to their solvability. Using graph representations associated with finite groups, including Cayley graphs (CG), the proposed model is trained to distinguish solvable and non-solvable groups using structural graph information alone. The framework is evaluated on groups outside the training dataset in order to investigate the extent to which GNNs can learn algebraic properties arising in group theory. More broadly, the present work explores the relationship between algebraic structure and graph-based geometric representations of finite groups. The present study is intended as a proof-of-concept investigation of whether GNNs can learn algebraic properties of finite groups from graph-based representations