Organizations: School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangdong, China · Guangdong Engineering Center for Large Model and GenAI Technology · State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Robot · School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University
We present InterSing, a framework for generating realistic 3D head animations for duet singing performances. Unlike solo singing, duet performance requires each singer to balance individual expressiveness with intermittent interaction at musically salient moments, such as phrase boundaries, synchronized rhythms, and call-and-response passages. Because these interactions are sparse and rhythm-dependent, existing audio-driven animation methods and conversational interaction models do not adequately capture their structure. Our key insight is that duet coordination can be represented as a time-varying signal that reflects how strongly performers engage with one another throughout a song. Based on this observation, we introduce interaction logits, an interpretable latent representation that models the degree of cross-performer engagement at each time step. We learn these logits using weak supervision and use them to condition an interaction-aware diffusion model jointly driven by audio features and interaction dynamics. This formulation enables unified multi-mode generation, spanning independent motion, coordinated behavior, and smooth transitions between them. Experiments show that InterSing generates realistic and expressive singing head animations with stronger coordination and musical alignment than existing methods, while preserving each performer's characteristic motion style. We further demonstrate that the same formulation generalizes to multi-singer performances and provides intuitive control over when and how performers engage.
Figures & tables
Fig. 1: InterSing generates duet-singing animations from audio, with interaction scores either given or predicted from the same audio. The framework supports tasks including (a) dyadic generation, (b) partner generation, and (c) score-guided generation. In the partner generation and score-guided illustrations, the gray head denotes the given reference motion sequence.
Fig. 2: Overview of InterSing. Stage I partitions motion encoder Em embeddings into interaction Sinter and non-interaction Snon sets via weakly-supervised geometric priors. Intra-Temporal Alignment Loss Lintra maximizes temporally aligned positive pairs against temporally distant negatives to enforce temporal coherence, while Inter-Discriminative Loss Linter maximizes interaction positive pairs against non-interaction negatives to sharpen the interaction decision boundary. Stage II injects the learned interaction scores as explicit conditioning signals into a Diffusion Forcing framework with cascaded cross-attention, jointly denoising both singers’ motions under variable noise horizons that enable flexible generation modes.
Fig. 3: Flexible Inference via Diffusion-Forcing. Our framework enables (a) dyadic generation, (b) partner generation, and (c) score-guided generation through different noise scheduling
Method
LVE ↓
FVE ↓
FDD →
Freeze Rate ↓
BA →
FID ↓
P-FID ↓
GT
-
-
0.0000
-
0.2380
-
-
Dyadic Generation
PaChorus [ 3 ]
10.9839
2.6282
1.6824
7.2220
0.2487
40.8057
45.1401
UniLS [ 17 ]
9.9350
2.3844
0.3624
6.0304
0.2251
6.4385
9.1933
InterSing (Ours)
8.3317
2.0732
0.3212
5.9709
0.2472
4.5566
6.8160
Partner Generation
DIM [ 18 ]
11.2558
2.6166
2.1906
10.0697
0.2712
34.9875
18.7729
DualTalk [ 19 ]
7.9793
1.9055
0.8370
11.5176
0.1991
4.7598
3.6627
TABLE I: Quantitative comparisons with state-of-the-art methods. Bold indicates the best result, and underline indicates the second best. ↓ means lower is better, ↑ means higher is better, and → means closer to the GT is better. LVE, FVE are reported in mm , and FDD in 1×10−2mm .
Method
LVE ↓
FVE ↓
FDD →
Freeze Rate ↓
BA →
FID ↓
P-FID ↓
Stage I
w/o Linter
10.4212
2.3985
0.6701
11.7452
0.2423
10.5597
10.8571
w/o Lintra
8.8970
2.1960
0.3514
6.2953
0.2461
9.1012
9.6027
w/o neck mask
8.3711
2.0950
0.3223
7.0501
0.2414
7.9962
10.1200
Stage II
w/o inter attn
8.6504
2.1342
-0.1877
4.8153
0.2435
11.2109
13.3974
w/o score
9.0536
2.1820
0.4610
9.9407
0.2480
5.5752
7.8203
GT score
8.2576
2.0575
0.2955
5.9978
0.2499
4.5220
6.6525
TABLE II: Ablation study on different components in our framework. Bold indicates the best result, and underline indicates the second best. ↓ means lower is better, ↑ means higher is better, and → means closer to the GT is better. LVE, FVE are reported in mm , and FDD in 1×10−2mm .
Fig. 4: Qualitative comparison for dyadic generation. Compared with existing methods, our approach generates duet animations that better match the ground truth in lip synchronization, facial expression dynamics, and mutual interaction behaviors between performers.
Fig. 5: Qualitative comparison for partner generation. Given the reference motion of one performer (shown in gray), our method generates more coherent and interaction-aware responses than competing methods, while better preserving lip synchronization, expression continuity, and responsive head dynamics.
Fig. 6: Visualization of score control. Facial motions generated from the same audio input under no-interaction, low-interaction and high-interaction score conditions.
Fig. 7: User study on lip-sync accuracy, expression richness, and interaction naturalness. Our method consistently achieves the highest user preference rates across all evaluation criteria.
Fig. 8: Visualization of multi-person chorus generation. By decomposing global coordination into sequential pairwise interactions, InterSing extends training-free to multi-person singing, preserving coherent interpersonal interactions.
Methods
LVE ↓
FVE ↓
FDD →
Freeze Rate ↓
BA →
GT
-
-
0.0000
-
0.2304
PaChuros
11.2342
2.7491
1.1570
7.7144
0.2520
InterSing (Ours)
8.8769
2.2356
0.3375
5.5617
0.2413
TABLE III: Quantitative evaluation on the collected three-singer subset. Bold indicates best result. ↓ means lower is better, and → means closer to the GT is better.
We tackle the challenging task of generating complete 3D facial animations for two interacting, co-located participants from a mixed audio stream. While existing methods often produce disembodied "talking heads" akin to a video conference call, our work is the first to explicitly model the dynamic 3D spatial relationship -- including relative position, orientation, and mutual gaze -- that is crucial for realistic in-person dialogues. Our system synthesizes the full performance of both individuals, including precise lip-sync, and uniquely allows their relative head poses to be controlled via textual descriptions. To achieve this, we propose a dual-stream architecture where each stream is responsible for one participant's output. We employ speaker's role embeddings and inter-speaker cross-attention mechanisms designed to disentangle the mixed audio and model the interaction. Furthermore, we introduce a novel eye gaze loss to promote natural, mutual eye contact. To power our data-hungry approach, we introduce a novel pipeline to curate a large-scale conversational dataset consisting of over 2 million dyadic pairs from in-the-wild videos. Our method generates fluid, controllable, and spatially aware dyadic animations suitable for immersive applications in VR and telepresence, significantly outperforming existing baselines in perceived realism and interaction coherence.
Mengyi Shan, Shouchieh Chang, Ziqian Bai +6
University of Washington · Google · University of Rochester
Despite progress in speech-to-video synthesis, existing methods often struggle to capture cross-individual dependencies and provide fine-grained control over reactive behaviors in dyadic settings. To address these challenges, we propose InterDyad, a framework that enables naturalistic interactive dynamics synthesis via querying structural motion guidance. Specifically, we first design an Interactivity Injector that achieves video reenactment based on identity-agnostic motion priors extracted from reference videos. Building upon this, we introduce a MetaQuery-based modality alignment mechanism to bridge the gap between conversational audio and these motion priors. By leveraging a Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM), our framework is able to distill linguistic intent from audio to dictate the precise timing and appropriateness of reactions. To further improve lip-sync quality under extreme head poses, we propose Role-aware Dyadic Gaussian Guidance (RoDG) for enhanced lip-synchronization and spatial consistency. Finally, we introduce a dedicated evaluation suite with novelly designed metrics to quantify dyadic interaction. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that InterDyad significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods in producing natural and contextually grounded two-person interactions. Please refer to our project page for demo videos: https://interdyad.github.io/.
Generating personalized dance videos from a reference image, text prompt, and audio track requires music-conditioned body motion. Singing-and-dancing adds a second requirement: the visible subject must also articulate the vocals. Existing music-conditioned methods focus primarily on choreography, while speech-driven models generally assume that the visible subject produces the input voice, leaving this combined setting largely underexplored. We introduce SingDance, a unified video diffusion framework that formulates controllable vocal articulation as a semantic role: the visible subject is either the source, who produces the vocal signal, or the listener, who receives it from an off-screen performer. Hard-compact routing selects task-relevant speech, music, and role conditions, which are composed through frame-wise joint audio injection; source and listener retain the same speech pathway. Training uses asymmetric supervision: on-screen speaking and curated off-screen conversational-response videos establish role control, while instrumental and song-based dancing-only videos establish music-conditioned body motion. The target Song/Source configuration is never observed during training. At inference, assigning the source role to a song composes separately learned articulation and song-conditioned dance capabilities, enabling compositional zero-shot singing-and-dancing. Experiments demonstrate strong motion--beat alignment and visual fidelity, reliable paired switching of vocal articulation while preserving music-aligned body motion, and highly competitive lip synchronization with substantially fewer generation-time parameters than the strongest speech-driven baseline evaluated.
Tao Feng, Xu Li, Xiangyang Luo +4
Kling Team, Kuaishou Technology · The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology · Tsinghua University