Apollo Restore: A Foundation LLM for Historical Greek Optimized for Fill-in-the-Middle Restoration of Ancient Greek Texts

Hope McGovern; Anna Dolganov; Samuel Belkadi; Guillaume Kunsch; Dimitris Vlitas; David A. Smith

cs.CLSep 18, 2026

Apollo Restore: A Foundation LLM for Historical Greek Optimized for Fill-in-the-Middle Restoration of Ancient Greek Texts

Authors: Hope McGovern, Anna Dolganov, Samuel Belkadi, Guillaume Kunsch, Dimitris Vlitas, David A. Smith

Abstract

We present Apollo Restore, a 24-billion-parameter large language model for restoring lacunae---physical gaps---in fragmentary Ancient Greek texts. Fine-tuned from Mistral Small with a fill-in-the-middle objective, Apollo Restore reconstructs missing spans without requiring oracle knowledge of their length. To our knowledge, it is the first large-scale decoder model for historical Greek, and the first for any ancient Mediterranean language. Evaluated as in prior work, on short gaps of up to ten characters, Apollo Restore places the correct restoration among its top twenty candidates for 80.6%/54.6%/61.0% of documentary-papyrus, literary-papyrus, and stone-inscription lacunae, exceeding the strongest published models by $1.6\times$ / $2.6\times$ / $1.4\times$ . Prior evaluation protocols, however, inflate scores through a bias toward trivially short gaps; under a length-balanced metric Apollo Restore's advantage over the strongest published models grows to $2.3\times$ / $3.5\times$ / $1.6\times$ and degrades gracefully, even given incorrect length hints. In a blind study, 20 expert papyrologists, epigraphists, and philologists strongly preferred Apollo Restore to the strongest baseline and judged its performance at least as good as human restorations in 77% of cases. Apollo Restore also improves the published reading of PHerc. 1667---a papyrus roll carbonised in the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE and digitally unrolled and edited after Apollo Restore's training data was compiled. Apollo Restore is an output of the Decoding Antiquity initiative to build specialized LLMs for historical languages and manuscripts, led by the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

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