Long-context LLM serving is increasingly bottlenecked by KV-cache memory, especially in resource-constrained scenarios. Among existing KV-cache compression strategies, token-wise methods reduce cached states but risk information loss through eviction or condensation, while feature-wise methods reduce per-token KV dimensions but can require full-dimensional reconstruction to apply positional embedding, limiting decoding speedups. We introduce SlimKV, a question-agnostic joint token-feature KV-cache compression method. SlimKV uses low-rank-aware training to compress long contexts into beacon memory states with latent KV representations, together with layer-adaptive rank allocation. We further uncover a positional asymmetry: removing key-side RoPE affects beacon and raw tokens differently, with much smaller degradation for beacon tokens. Exploiting this asymmetry, SlimKV trains beacon KV projections under a K-RoPE-free constraint and enables latent-space attention during decoding, mitigating reconstruction latency. On LongBench, SlimKV outperforms baselines at 16x/32x compression and remains leading at 4x/8x, where it retains over 96% of the uncompressed model's score. Needle-in-a-Haystack confirms robustness across evidence positions, and efficiency evaluation shows up to 7.34x attention speedup and 3.38x end-to-end decoding speedup over the uncompressed model at 128K length.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: Comparison of low-rank KV-cache strategies. K-RoPE forces reconstruction, while its removal enables latent-space attention (LSA) but loses order information. SlimKV uses K-RoPE-free beacon tokens to retain semantics and positional cues in latent KV space.
Figure 2: LongBench scores under K-RoPE ablations, showing positional asymmetry between raw and beacon tokens. SlimKV remains close to the original model without beacon K-RoPE.
Figure 3: Overview of SlimKV. SlimKV trains low-rank beacon KV projections and caches only latent beacon KV states after prefill. During decoding, SlimKV performs latent-space attention over cached beacon memories, avoiding full-dimensional reconstruction.
Figure 4: Layer-wise rank allocation. K/V ranks of Beacon and raw weights in Llama-3.1-8B under 2 × , 4 × , and 8 × feature compression, selected by equal explained variance.
Figure 5: Attention maps under K-RoPE ablations. Beacon K-RoPE removal remains much closer to the K-RoPE-kept pattern than raw-token K-RoPE removal.
Variant
Attn. ↑
Block ↑
Lag JS ↓
Col. JS ↓
Beacon removed
0.9707
0.9982
0.0002
0.0030
Raw removed
0.7570
0.8922
0.0062
0.0349
Table 1: Similarity to the w/ K-RoPE setting.
Figure 6: Reconstruction accuracy from compressed beacon states on length-16,384 random sequences over 46 symbols, averaged over three seeds. SlimKV starts from 8 × total compression due to 4 × feature compression. Dashed line denotes random-guessing probability.
Comp.
Method
Llama-3.1-8B
Qwen2.5-14B
S-Doc
M-Doc
Summ.
Few
Code
Avg.
S-Doc
M-Doc
Summ.
Few
Code
Avg.
1 ×
Full KV
44.34
46.65
28.71
69.45
58.37
49.50
42.72
43.73
28.05
72.04
61.05
51.52
16 ×
KVZip
33.86
29.11
23.97
22.97
34.89
28.96
7.83
5.48
3.27
35.12
14.20
13.18
PALU
13.18
9.80
12.75
37.86
21.04
18.92
17.77
14.18
21.40
59.40
25.75
27.70
SnapKV
38.55
43.30
23.61
65.92
56.62
45.60
36.74
51.20
20.22
68.50
52.37
45.81
Activation Beacon
34.72
36.28
25.34
65.01
65.14
45.30
35.76
38.31
25.24
63.66
57.77
44.15
Table 2: LongBench scores under high KV-cache compression. SlimKV t n f m : n× token-wise, m× feature-wise. The bold and underlined numbers denote the first and second rankings, respectively.
Backbone
Comp.
ΔAB
ΔSlimKV-f4
Δ Red.
Gap Red.
Llama-3.1-8B
16 ×
4.20
3.14
1.06
25.2%
32 ×
5.83
4.75
1.08
18.5%
Qwen2.5-14B
16 ×
7.37
5.29
2.08
28.2%
32 ×
8.76
6.43
2.33
26.6%
Table 3: LongBench gap reduction over Activation Beacon. Δ denotes the drop from Full KV.
Figure 7: Needle-in-a-Haystack evaluation. (a) SlimKV outperforms baselines across depths under 16 × and 32 × compression. (b) SlimKV maintains retrieval ability for information beyond Qwen2.5-14B’s context window (32K). Since higher ratios limit PALU’s retrieval accuracy, we select 8 × compression to better reveal the behavior.
Backbone
Comp.
KVZip
PALU
AB
SlimKV-f2
Llama-3.1-8B
4 ×
36.39
46.66
48.21
48.10
8 ×
37.25
46.42
46.93
47.77
Qwen2.5-14B
4 ×
47.72
45.95
48.86
49.92
8 ×
46.74
45.15
45.50
49.94
Table 4: LongBench averages at low compression. The averages of the uncompressed models are in Table 2 .
Method
Comp.
S-Doc
M-Doc
Summ.
Few-shot
Code
Avg.
Full KV
1 ×
42.87
51.02
25.60
71.26
60.75
50.30
SlimKV-f4
16 ×
36.87
40.43
26.00
68.24
58.87
46.08
SlimKV-f4
32 ×
34.14
38.16
24.77
67.85
63.09
45.60
Table 5: LongBench category scores on Qwen3-30B-A3B-Instruct-2507.
Comp.
Metric
Method
32K
64K
96K
128K
16 ×
Attn.
Recon
1.76 ×
2.81 ×
3.63 ×
5.34 ×
SlimKV
1.94 ×
3.81 ×
5.08 ×
7.34 ×
E2E
Recon
1.13 ×
1.64 ×
2.13 ×
2.86 ×
SlimKV
1.22 ×
2.04 ×
2.63 ×
3.38 ×
32 ×
Attn.
Recon
1.52 ×
2.35 ×
3.84 ×
4.92 ×
SlimKV
1.62 ×
2.54 ×
4.36 ×
6.09 ×
Table 6: Decoding speedup over the uncompressed model on Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct. Attn./E2E denote attention/per-token latency.
T-wise
F-wise
Train-R
Infer-R
Ada-r
Score
✓
✗
✓
✓
✗
43.67
✓
✗
✓
✗
✗
41.28
✓
✗
✗
✗
✗
41.95
✓
✓
✗
✗
✗
44.38
✓
✓
✗
✗
✓
44.75
Table 7: Ablation study on LongBench at 32 × compression with Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct.
Appendix figures & tables4 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
Model
Proj.
CR
Beacon
Raw
Spearman
MAE / Max
Llama
K
2
64.00
64.00
1.000
0.00 / 0
K
4
32.00
32.00
0.996
0.06 / 1
K
8
16.00
16.00
0.996
0.06 / 1
V
2
64.00
64.00
0.990
0.50 / 1
V
4
32.00
32.00
0.954
0.50 / 2
V
8
16.00
16.00
0.928
0.38 / 2
Appendix
Table 8: Layer-wise rank consistency between Beacon and raw K/V projections.
Comp.
Method
32K
64K
96K
128K
Attn.
E2E
Attn.
E2E
Attn.
E2E
Attn.
E2E
1 ×
Full KV
11.84
13.28
23.97
25.40
34.93
36.32
46.64
48.08
16 ×
Recon
6.74
11.75
8.52
15.46
9.63
17.02
8.73
16.79
SlimKV
6.11
10.93
6.29
12.47
6.87
13.79
6.35
14.24
32 ×
Recon
7.80
11.56
10.18
15.23
9.11
13.95
9.48
15.69
SlimKV
7.31
10.81
9.43
14.51
8.01
12.90
7.65
13.78
Appendix
Table 9: Detailed decoding latency on Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct over 128 generated tokens. Attn. and E2E denote cumulative attention and end-to-end decoding latency. All values are in seconds.
Comp.
Method
32K
64K
96K
128K
TTFT (s)
16 ×
Recon
16.59
46.38
89.15
153.74
SlimKV
16.16
44.80
87.12
152.57
32 ×
Recon
11.28
28.34
50.13
82.73
SlimKV
10.92
27.77
48.62
79.96
Peak Memory (GB)
Appendix
Table 10: TTFT and peak allocated memory on Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct. TTFT is reported in seconds and memory in GB.
Figure 8: Complete Needle-in-a-Haystack heatmaps for Activation Beacon and SlimKV-f4, where f4 denotes 4 × feature-wise compression. Results are shown on Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct and Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct under 16 × and 32 × total compression. Each cell reports retrieval accuracy at a given context length and needle depth.
Large language models increasingly operate over long contexts, where the KV cache becomes a dominant memory bottleneck: its size grows linearly with sequence length and must be retained throughout decoding, making full GPU caching prohibitively expensive without compression. Existing KV cache compression methods struggle to balance efficiency with faithful context preservation. Token eviction discards information, while semantic grouping fixes compression decisions at prefill time; neither can recover token-level detail from a compressed span once it becomes relevant during generation. As a solution, we propose SeKV, a resolution-adaptive semantic KV cache that organizes context into entropy-guided semantic spans and stores them across a GPU-CPU memory hierarchy without discarding information. Each span keeps a lightweight summary vector on GPU for coarse routing and a low-rank SVD basis on CPU for on-demand token-level reconstruction. A trained zoom-in mechanism selectively expands query-relevant spans during decoding, enabling precise retrieval without materializing the full KV cache on GPU. SeKV enables adaptive token-level reconstruction while keeping the base LLM fully frozen and adding fewer than 0.05% trainable parameters. Across four benchmarks, SeKV improves over the strongest semantic compression baseline by 5.9% on average while reducing GPU memory by 53.3% versus full KV caching at 128K context. Code is available on https://github.com/AmirAbaskohi/SeKV.
Amirhossein Abaskohi, Giuseppe Carenini, Peter West +1
University of British Columbia · Microsoft Research
Long-context language model inference is increasingly limited by the memory bandwidth and capacity required to store key-value caches, yet existing compression methods often apply uniform budgets across layers or tokens and degrade retrieval when lexical cues and semantic states require different preservation. We introduce DepthWeave-KV, a token-adaptive cache compression method that factorizes key and value states across neighboring transformer layers using shared low-rank channel bases while retaining lightweight token-specific residuals where attention behavior is sensitive. DepthWeave-KV combines cross-depth residual factorization with a token-conditional depth router that allocates higher reconstruction rank to instruction-bearing and retrieval-critical tokens, and uses calibration-free online error tracking from attention-output probes to adapt compression during generation without retraining the base model. A fused CUDA implementation jointly performs basis lookup, residual dequantization, and attention projection to reduce decode-time memory traffic. Across LongBench, Needle-in-a-Haystack, L-Eval, and long-form QA and summarization benchmarks, DepthWeave-KV achieves near-full-cache task quality with substantially lower memory use, improving average score and retrieval accuracy over prior compressed caches while reaching 8.3x KV memory reduction and 72.8 tokens per second at 64K context.
Anna Cordoba, Adam Puente Tercero, Nerea Angulo Hijo +4
The key-value (KV) cache is a primary capacity and bandwidth bottleneck in long-context LLM serving. We present Minima-KV, a retention-preserving hierarchy for mixed-format paged attention. Recent and protected Anchor pages remain in FP8, while older non-anchor pages move to packed TQ3; every live-request page remains addressable. Format-specific kernels compute partial attention states and combine them through a globally normalized online-softmax merge, enabling direct heterogeneous decode without a cache-sized dense shadow. Across separate, configuration-bound Qwen3.6-27B profiles on a single 96-GB NVIDIA RTX PRO 6000 Blackwell GPU, deployment accounting reports 18.3 KiB of attention KV per live token, corresponding to 3.50x compression relative to BF16 and 1.75x relative to FP8. A materializing quality profile matches its dense control on 16K RULER needle-in-a-haystack tasks. On the same 503-question LongBench v2 set, measured deltas are -0.80, -0.60, and -0.40 percentage points at 16K, 32K, and 64K. A separate single-pair direct-decode canary with two 59,008-token requests measures 3.625x active-KV compression and 0.9821x throughput relative to its control, routes all 16 full-attention layers without fallback, and retains no dense shadow. These results establish a practical mixed-format path for compressing long-context state without evicting live-request KV pages.