Coronal Mass Ejection

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are massive eruptions of plasma and magnetic field from the Sun, posing a significant threat to space weather and technological infrastructure. Current research heavily utilizes machine learning, employing diverse architectures like convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks (including bidirectional LSTMs), and ensemble methods to improve the prediction of CME properties such as mass, kinetic energy, travel time, and arrival time, as well as their geoeffectiveness and association with solar energetic particles. These advancements aim to enhance space weather forecasting accuracy, enabling better mitigation strategies for protecting satellites, power grids, and other vulnerable systems.