Multi-Source Domain Adaptation

Cross-subject motor-imagery electroencephalography (MI-EEG) decoding remains challenging because substantial inter-subject variability can cause both negative transfer from poorly matched source subjects and persistent distribution discrepancies between source and target domains. Existing multi-source domain adaptation methods often incorporate all available source domains or estimate source relevance using signal-level or task-specific representations, while distribution alignment is frequently performed only at the feature level. These limitations may introduce irrelevant source knowledge and fail to preserve class-discriminative structures across subjects. In this study, we propose a brain foundation model-guided multi-source domain adaptation framework (BFM-MSDA) for cross-subject MI-EEG decoding. The method first utilizes representations learned by a pretrained brain foundation model to estimate source--target compatibility and retrieve target-relevant sources. Subsequently, a relevance-weighted dual alignment strategy is applied to the selected sources and the unlabeled target domain. Specifically, Cauchy--Schwarz (CS) divergence is used to reduce discrepancies in marginal feature distributions, while conditional Cauchy--Schwarz (CCS) divergence further aligns class-dependent decision distributions. Source relevance is incorporated into both alignment terms so that more transferable source subjects contribute more strongly to adaptation. Experiments on two public MI-EEG benchmarks achieve average accuracies of 86.16% and 78.41%, outperforming representative cross-subject decoding and domain adaptation methods. Additional experiments with a large source pool further demonstrate that target-aware source retrieval improves scalability while mitigating negative transfer. These results highlight the importance of informed source selection under cross-subject distribution shift.