Organizations: Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo · Georgia Institute of Technology · Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Tsinghua University · University of Science and Technology of China · Peking University
Current embodied video generation models primarily emphasize visual generative quality while overlooking physical fidelity, dynamic consistency, and task logic, especially for contact-rich manipulation tasks, which limits their applicability to downstream tasks. In this paper, we introduce ReWorld, a framework aimed to employ reinforcement learning to align the video generation with physical realism, task completion capability, embodiment plausibility and visual quality. Specifically, we first construct a large-scale (~235K) video preference dataset and employ it to train a hierarchical reward model designed to capture multi-dimensional reward consistent with human preferences. We further propose a practical alignment algorithm that post-trains flow-based video generators using this reward through a computationally efficient PPO-style algorithm. Comprehensive experiments and theoretical analysis demonstrate that ReWorld significantly improves the physical fidelity, logical coherence, embodiment and visual quality of generated rollouts, outperforming previous methods.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: ReWorld bridges the gap of embodied video generator with physical realism, task completion capability, embodiment plausibility, and visual quality. Each of the four dimensions shown is rated on a scale of 1 (poor) to 6 (excellent), where higher scores indicate better performance.
Figure 2: Overview of the ReWorld framework . (a) We employ a VLM-driven annotation system to generate the 4-dimensional embodied preference dataset. (b) Building upon this dataset, we train the multi-dimensional reward model HERO based on the hierarchical feature space of InternVideo2 [ 61 ] . (c) We detail the reinforcement learning pipeline HERO-FPO to refine the generative policy with the learned multi-dimensional reward signal. (d) We introduce ReWorldBench as a specialized benchmark to evaluate embodied video generation models.
Video Quality
4D Embodied Dimensions (1-10 Scale)
Overall
Model
FVD ( ↓ )
SSIM ( ↑ )
DINO Similarity ( ↑ )
PSNR ( ↑ )
DreamSim ( ↑ )
Sphys ( ↑ )
Sembod ( ↑ )
Stask ( ↑ )
Svis ( ↑ )
SReWorld ( ↑ )
CogVideoX [ 69 ]
720
0.70
0.56
14.6
0.74
3.1
2.8
3.4
7.1
35.3
Wan2.1 [ 54 ]
510
0.61
0.59
14.1
0.74
3.4
3.1
3.8
7.3
38.6
Cosmos-Base [ 2 ]
281
0.63
0.62
15
0.74
4.2
3.9
4.4
7.0
44.7
Cosmos-SFT (Ours)
240
0.68
0.65
16.1
0.78
5.1
4.2
6.1
7.2
54.4
ReWorld (Ours)
190
0.66
0.71
15.2
0.82
5.9
5.6
6.5
7.3
61.9
Table 1: Quantitative comparison on ReWorldBench. The evaluation covers both visual fidelity and performance on embodied tasks. We highlight the best results in bold .
Overall Performance
Per-Dimension Accuracy (Specialization)
Metric
Value
Head
Accuracy
Feature Source
Rank
Accuracy
85.3%
Rembod
87.2%
Mid-layer (L16)
1 (Best)
AUC
0.901
Rvis
84.6%
Final-pooled (L39)
2
Spearman ( ρ )
0.787
Rtask
81.3%
Deep-layer (L32)
3
Kendall’s ( τ )
0.689
Rphys
79.1%
Early-layer (L8)
4 (Hardest)
Table 2: HERO reward model performance.
Figure 3: Qualitative comparisons on ReWorldBench. Our proposed ReWorld model achieves the best generative results for all the multi-dimensional metrics compared with the baseline video generation models.
Table 6
Appendix figures & tables9 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
Figure 4: Pipeline for constructing the 4D Embodied Preference Dataset. The process consists of three stages: (1) VLM-Driven Annotation (Left): We employ GPT-4o with role-playing prompts to act as four specialized experts, generating a dense 4D score vector for each video. (2) Dimension Isolation Sampling (Middle): A constrained optimization algorithm selects video pairs that maximize difference in a target dimension (Condition 1) while minimizing variance in others (Condition 2), ensuring signal purity. (3) Final Composition (Right): The resulting dataset contains ∼ 235K pairs, structured into dimension-isolated subsets for specialized learning and contrastive subsets for global calibration.
Preference Pair Type
Approx. Quantity
Purpose in HERO Training
Dimension Isolation ( Rphys )
∼55,000
Trains Rphys head (via LD )
Dimension Isolation ( Rtask )
∼60,000
Trains Rtask head (via LD )
Dimension Isolation ( Rembod )
∼50,000
Trains Rembod head (via LD )
Dimension Isolation ( Rvis )
∼30,000
Trains Rvis head (via LD )
Extreme Contrast Pairs
∼20,000
Trains LO (establishes score anchors)
Nuance Pairs (high similarity)
∼20,000
Trains LO (improves fine-grained discrimination)
Appendix
Table 5: Composition of the 4D Embodied Preference Dataset.
Reward Head
Eval. dim.
IV2 block
Feat. dim.
Rationale
Rphys
Physical Realism
Early-layer (Block 8)
3200
Captures fine-grained motion, edges, and geometric cues essential for collision/penetration detection.
Rembod
Embodiment Plausibility
Mid-layer (Block 16)
3200
Encodes complex spatio-temporal motion patterns, ideal for assessing kinematic smoothness and coordination.
Rtask
Task Completion
Deep-layer (Block 32)
1408
Represents high-level semantic concepts and logical state, necessary for understanding goal completion.
Rvis
Visual Quality
Final pooled output
768
Represents global aesthetics and frame-level coherence for overall fidelity assessment.
Table 7: Network architectures for HERO reward heads and the FPO critic Vψ .
Dimension
Diagnostic Task Prompt
Targeted Failure Mode
Sphys (Collision)
“Grasp the red block and firmly push it through the blue block.”
Adversarial Test : Checks if the model hallucinates object penetration instead of simulating physical resistance/blocking.
Sphys (Gravity)
“Pick up the apple, lift it high, and then release it in mid-air.”
Dynamics Test : Checks for "floating object" hallucinations vs. correct gravitational acceleration.
Stask (Logic)
“ First , pick up the sponge, then wipe the counter, and finally place it in the sink.”
Memory Test : Probes long-horizon temporal consistency and instruction following.
Stask (Semantics)
“There are two cups. Pick up the blue cup, ignoring the red one.”
Negation Test : Evaluates fine-grained concept binding and resistance to semantic distractors.
Sembod (Kinematics)
“ Slowly and smoothly reach for the fragile wine glass.”
Control Test : Penalizes high-jerk, unnatural "teleporting" motions common in video generation.
Sembod (Grasping)
“Use a pincer grasp to pick up the small screw.”
Fine-Motor Test : Checks for plausible hand-object contact points vs. generic "magnetic" grasping.
Appendix
Table 8: ReWorldBench Diagnostic Matrix. Representative examples of how prompt design targets specific embodied failure modes.
Parameter
Value
Model Architecture
Video Backbone
InternVideo2-1B
Backbone Parameters
Frozen
Head Architecture
See Table 7
Head Dropout
0.2
Training & Optimization
Appendix
Table 9: Hyperparameters for HERO Reward Model Training.
Parameter
Value
Models & Hardware
Actor ( πθ )
Cosmos-2B (SFT on Bridge V2)
Reward ( RHERO )
HERO (InternVideo2-1B, Frozen)
Critic ( Vψ )
VideoValueNetwork (See Table 7 )
Hardware
8 × NVIDIA A100 (80GB)
Training & Optimization
Appendix
Table 10: Hyperparameters for HERO-FPO Policy Alignment Training.
Figure 7: Qualitative comparison against SOTA baselines on the ReWorldBench diagnostic suite. We visualize generated rollouts for three distinct task primitives: (Top Row) Rigid Body Interaction: Testing contact physics and friction using a “Pushing” task. Baselines often exhibit “ghost touches” or sliding without friction. (Middle Row) Articulated Object Manipulation: Testing kinematic constraints using a “Drawer Opening” task. Baselines struggle to maintain the rigid connection between the handle and the drawer. (Bottom Row) Sequential Logic: Testing long-horizon causality using a “Plug & Switch” task. Baselines fail the negative constraint, often lighting up the lamp before the switch is pressed. ReWorld (Rightmost Column) consistently adheres to physical, kinematic, and logical constraints specified in the diagnostic prompts.
Figure 8: Gallery of diverse embodied skills generated by ReWorld. The figure showcases the model’s generalization across eight distinct physical domains, ranging from complex material properties (fluids, soft bodies) to dynamic laws (rotation, projectile motion) and geometric constraints (topology change, high-precision assembly). Detailed diagnostic prompts are provided below each sequence.
Video generation models have emerged as a promising paradigm for embodied world simulation. However, both general-domain video generators and robot-specific data fine-tuned models can still produce physically implausible manipulations, including discontinuous motion trajectories and inconsistent robot-object interactions, which limits their reliability as world simulators. Through extensive experiments, we find that such physical instability mainly arises from two factors: deformation of moving objects and implausible spatio-temporal correlations among interacting entities, particularly during contact. Building on this observation, we propose PhysisForcing, a scalable training framework that strengthens physical consistency by focusing supervision on physics-informative regions through joint optimization of pixel-level and semantic-level features. The framework consists of a pixel-level trajectory alignment loss, which supervises DiT features using reference point trajectories, and a semantic-level relational alignment loss, which aligns DiT features with inter-region relations extracted from a frozen video understanding encoder. Extensive experiments on R-Bench, PAI-Bench, and EZS-Bench show that PhysisForcing consistently improves embodied video generation over strong baselines, improving the Wan2.2-I2V-A14B and Cosmos3-Nano base models on R-Bench by 22.3% and 9.2% (7.1% and 3.7% over vanilla finetuning), with the Cosmos3-Nano variant attaining the best overall score. Beyond generation, as a world model under the WorldArena action-planner protocol it raises the closed-loop success rate from 16.0% to 24.0% and further improves downstream policy success, indicating that physically aligned video models yield stronger representations for robotic manipulation.
Embodied video world models predict scene changes caused by robot actions, yet generated object responses may remain inconsistent with task intent and contact dynamics. Critical responses in embodied scenes often concentrate in local regions and specific time intervals. Inspired by chain-of-thought reasoning, we introduce ReactWorld, an embodied video generation model guided by structured interaction anticipation. In the generation backbone's feature space, an interaction response field predictor anticipates how the interaction will unfold, explicitly describing participant roles, future motion response intensity, and local motion changes. A response feedback adapter forms increments to object features from the difference between the object branch's outputs with predicted and zeroed local dynamics inputs. It also converts predicted displacements into positional biases for temporal attention. These two mechanisms guide object feature updates and information retrieval across frames, respectively. Through interaction anticipation and generative feedback, ReactWorld achieves an average score of 77.51 on RBench, outperforming PhysisForcing by 3.29 points with improvements in all nine categories. On EZS-Bench, it achieves a Domain score of 86.98 and an average score of 81.87.
Hanwei Liu, Huijia Zhang, Hanzhang Wang +6
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. · Tongji University · Zhejiang University
Video generation models trained on heterogeneous data with likelihood-surrogate objectives can produce visually plausible rollouts that violate physical constraints in embodied manipulation. Although reinforcement-learning post-training offers a natural route to adapting VGMs, existing video-RL rewards often reduce each rollout to a low-level visual metric, whereas manipulation video evaluation requires logic-based verification of whether the rollout satisfies a compositional task specification. To fill this gap, we introduce a compositional constraint-based reward model for post-training embodied video generation models, which automatically formulates task requirements as a composition of Linear Temporal Logic constraints, providing faithful rewards and localized error information in generated videos. To achieve effective improvement in high-dimensional video generation using these reward signals, we further propose CreFlow, a novel online RL framework with two key designs: i) a credit-aware NFT loss that confines the RL update to reward-relevant regions, preventing perturbations to unrelated regions during post-training; and ii) a corrective reflow loss that leverages within-group positive samples as an explicit estimate of the correction direction, stabilizing and accelerating training. Experiments show that CreFlow yields reward judgments better aligned with human and simulator success labels than existing methods and improves downstream execution success by 23.8 percentage points across eight bimanual manipulation tasks.
Zhenyang Ni, Yijiang Li, Ruochen Jiao +7
Northwestern University · University of California, San Diego · University of Oxford