Recent advances in generative models, such as diffusion and flow matching, have shown strong performance in audio tasks. However, speech enhancement (SE) models are typically trained on limited datasets and evaluated under narrow conditions, limiting real-world applicability. To address this, we propose DiT-Flow, a flow matching-based SE framework built on the latent Diffusion Transformer (DiT) backbone and trained for robustness across diverse distortions, including noise, reverberation, and compression. DiT-Flow operates on compact variational auto-encoders (VAEs)-derived latent features. We validated our approach on StillSonicSet, a synthetic yet acoustically realistic dataset composed of LibriSpeech, FSD50K, FMA, and 90 Matterport3D scenes. Experiments show that DiT-Flow consistently outperforms state-of-the-art generative SE models, demonstrating the effectiveness of flow matching in multi-condition speech enhancement. Despite ongoing efforts to expand synthetic data realism, a persistent bottleneck in SE is the inevitable mismatch between training and deployment conditions. By integrating LoRA with the MoE framework, we achieve both parameter-efficient and high-performance training for DiT-Flow robust to multiple distortions with using 4.9% percentage of the total parameters to obtain a better performance on five unseen distortions.
Figures & tables
Fig. 1: The procedure to generate StillSonicSet. In each scene, three moving RIRs for each speaker in the original SonicSet were discretized to obtain RIR at some fixed places (circles).
Speaker
Room Style
Scenario
Duration (h)
Training
921
60
34672
363.6
Validation
40
19
901
8
Test
40
9
873
8
TABLE I: StillSonicSet and its characteristics. “Speaker” refers to the number of unique speakers. “Room Style” denotes the number of different rooms. “Scenario” stands for the total number of conversations between two speakers in one room, and “Duration” represents the total duration of the dataset in hours.
Fig. 2: The audio compressor architecture with encoder (orange) and decoder (blue) in detail.
Fig. 3: The model backbones of the target extractor with Diffusion Transformer backbone (yellow) and uDiT block (grey).
Fig. 4: Diagram of the Mixture of LoRA Experts in DiT-Flow model for data adaptation. (a) illustrates the basic Mixture of LoRA Experts mechanism. (b) In a UDiT block, replace the standard adaptation path in both the MHSA and MLP sublayers with Mixture of LoRA Experts modules (blue arrows), while keeping the original normalization and modulation structure. (c) The MLP modification. (d) The MHSA modification.
Fig. 5: The extentions of MoELoRA module with only training one single expert.
System
Model Type
Reverb+Noise+Codec-Compression
PESQ ↑
ESTOI ↑
LSD ↓
SIG ↑
BAK ↑
OVRL ↑
Spk Sim ↑
Noisy (lower bound)
–
1.126
0.312
8.293
1.545
1.494
1.277
0.779
SGMSE [ 12 ]
Diffusion
1.353
0.351
7.281
3.115
3.833
2.737
0.870
StoRM [ 13 ]
Diffusion
1.302
0.431
5.413
2.996
3.969
2.601
0.837
Dit-Flow
Flow Matching
1.389
0.458
4.506
3.301
3.723
2.906
0.880
TABLE II: Comparison of different systems trained on StillSonicSet with the mixture of reverberant, noise and codec-compression distortions and evaluated on mixture of reverberant, noise and codec-compression condition.
System
Model Type
Reverb only
PESQ ↑
ESTOI ↑
LSD ↓
SIG ↑
BAK ↑
OVRL ↑
Spk Sim ↑
Noisy (lower bound)
–
1.324
0.497
3.383
2.080
2.386
1.684
0.895
SGMSE [ 12 ]
Diffusion
2.011
0.632
4.031
3.166
3.882
2.775
0.943
StoRM [ 13 ]
Diffusion
1.711
0.561
4.353
3.018
3.909
2.626
0.922
Dit-Flow
Flow Matching
1.599
0.578
3.979
3.240
3.826
2.851
0.935
TABLE III: Comparison of different systems trained on StillSonicSet with the mixture of reverberant, noise and codec-compression distortion and evaluated on reverberant-only condition.
System
Model Type
Noise only
PESQ ↑
ESTOI ↑
LSD ↓
SIG ↑
BAK ↑
OVRL ↑
Spk Sim ↑
Noisy (lower bound)
–
1.203
0.696
3.809
2.840
2.125
2.008
0.938
SGMSE [ 12 ]
Diffusion
1.314
0.497
6.158
3.444
3.519
2.949
0.895
StoRM [ 13 ]
Diffusion
1.585
0.648
8.522
3.418
4.026
3.105
0.930
Dit-Flow
Flow Matching
1.575
0.612
6.001
3.461
3.916
3.174
0.936
TABLE IV: Comparison of different systems trained on StillSonicSet with the mixture of reverberant, noise and codec-compression distortion and evaluated on noise-only condition.
System
Model Type
Reverb+Noise
PESQ ↑
ESTOI ↑
LSD ↓
SIG ↑
BAK ↑
OVRL ↑
Spk Sim ↑
Noisy (lower bound)
–
1.124
0.450
4.604
1.788
1.543
1.376
0.831
SGMSE [ 12 ]
Diffusion
1.248
0.373
7.223
3.318
3.234
2.719
0.865
StoRM [ 13 ]
Diffusion
1.464
0.469
8.758
3.174
3.823
2.792
0.869
Dit-Flow
Flow Matching
1.378
0.484
7.576
3.189
3.856
2.818
0.858
TABLE V: Comparison of different systems trained on StillSonicSet with the mixture of reverberant, noise and codec-compression distortions and evaluated on the mixture of reverberant+noise condition.
System
Trained datatset
RTF ↓
LibriCSS [ 50 ]
RealMAN [ 51 ]
SIG ↑
BAK ↑
OVRL ↑
Spk Sim ↑
SIG ↑
BAK ↑
OVRL ↑
Spk Sim ↑
Noisy (lower bound)
N/A
N/A
2.756
3.521
2.209
0.895
1.970
2.204
1.417
0.860
SGMSE [ 12 ]
WSJ0+Reverb [ 13 ]
0.565
2.854
3.830
2.363
0.952
2.473
3.031
1.863
0.892
SGMSE [ 12 ]
StillSonicSet
2.955
3.901
2.479
0.951
2.829
3.623
2.324
0.883
StoRM [ 13 ]
WSJ0+Reverb [ 13 ]
0.494
2.961
3.822
2.485
0.955
2.481
2.976
1.884
0.891
StoRM [ 13 ]
StillSonicSet
2.963
3.946
2.490
0.953
2.661
3.662
2.154
0.886
TABLE VI: Comparisons on real-recorded datasets. The performance of different speech enhancement systems are compared by using real-recorded datasets: LibriCSS and RealMAN. For both two real-recorded datasets, all three speech enhancements obtain a better performance when trained on StillSonicSet, especially on more complex dataset, realMAN.
Model
Params (%)
Finetuned dataset (h)
Metric
SIG ↑
BAK ↑
OVRL ↑
Spk Sim ↑
PESQ ↑
ESTOI ↑
LSD ↓
Distorted (lower bound)
N/A
N/A
2.467
1.999
1.810
0.891
1.272
0.624
5.461
Pretrained DiT-Flow
100
N/A
3.352
3.978
3.063
0.959
1.954
0.774
3.535
Trained from scratch
100
12
3.282
3.855
2.944
0.939
1.766
0.718
3.190
30
3.398
3.952
3.087
0.952
1.926
0.761
3.092
Full finetune
100
12
3.419
3.968
3.113
0.963
2.129
0.800
2.955
TABLE VII: Comparison of different data adaptation strategies for DiT-Flow under a challenging distribution shift scenario.
Speech enhancement improves intelligibility and listening quality by suppressing noise, reverberation, and competing speakers in recorded or live audio.
School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Big Data Ubiquitous Perception and Intelligent Agriculture Applications Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and New Technologies in Low-Altitude Digital Agriculture Zhenjiang, China