An Explainable AI-Driven Framework for Automated Brain Tumor Segmentation Using an Attention-Enhanced U-Net

MD Rashidul Islam; Bakary Gibba

cs.CVMar 24, 2026

An Explainable AI-Driven Framework for Automated Brain Tumor Segmentation Using an Attention-Enhanced U-Net

Authors: MD Rashidul Islam, Bakary Gibba

Organizations: School of Computing and Informatics Albukhary International University, 05200, Alor Setar, Malaysia

Abstract

Computer-aided segmentation of brain tumors from MRI data is of crucial significance to clinical decision-making in diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up disease monitoring. Gliomas, owing to their high malignancy and heterogeneity, represent a very challenging task for accurate and reliable segmentation into intra-tumoral sub-regions. Manual segmentation is typically time-consuming and not reliable, which justifies the need for robust automated techniques.This research resolves this problem by leveraging the BraTS 2020 dataset, where we have labeled MRI scans of glioma patients with four significant classes: background/healthy tissue, necrotic/non-enhancing core, edema, and enhancing tumor. In this work, we present a new segmentation technique based on a U-Net model augmented with executed attention gates to focus on the most significant regions of images. To counter class imbalance, we employ manually designed loss functions like Dice Loss and Categorical Dice Loss, in conjunction with standard categorical cross-entropy. Other evaluation metrics, like sensitivity and specificity, were used to measure discriminability of the model between tumor classes. Besides, we introduce Grad-CAM-based explainable AI to enable visualizing attention regions and improve model interpretability, together with a smooth heatmap generation technique through Gaussian filtering. Our approach achieved superior performance with accuracy of 0.9919, Dice coefficient of 0.9901, mean IoU of 0.9873, sensitivity of 0.9908, and specificity of 0.9974. This study demonstrates that the use of attention mechanisms, personalized loss functions, and explainable AI significantly improves highly complex tumor structure segmentation precision in MRI scans, providing a reliable and explainable method for clinical applications.

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