ZEUS: Accelerating Diffusion Models with Only Second-Order Predictor
Authors: Yixiao Wang, Ting Jiang, Zishan Shao, Hancheng Ye, Jingwei Sun, Mingyuan Ma, Jianyi Zhang, Yiran Chen, Hai Li
Organizations: Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA · Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA · Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Denoising generative models deliver high-fidelity generation but remain bottlenecked by inference latency due to the many iterative denoiser calls required during sampling. Training-free acceleration methods reduce latency by either sparsifying the model architecture or shortening the sampling trajectory. Current training-free acceleration methods are more complex than necessary: higher-order predictors amplify error under aggressive speedups, and architectural modifications hinder deployment. Beyond 2x acceleration, step skipping creates structural scarcity -- at most one fresh evaluation per local window -- leaving the computed output and its backward difference as the only causally grounded information. Based on this, we propose ZEUS, an acceleration method that predicts reduced denoiser evaluations using a second-order predictor, and stabilizes aggressive consecutive skipping with an interleaved scheme that avoids back-to-back extrapolations. ZEUS adds essentially zero overhead, no feature caches, and no architectural modifications, and it is compatible with different backbones, prediction objectives, and solver choices. Across image and video generation, ZEUS consistently improves the speed-fidelity performance over recent training-free baselines, achieving up to 3.2x end-to-end speedup while maintaining perceptual quality. Our code is available at: https://github.com/Ting-Justin-Jiang/ZEUS.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: Overview of ZEUS. ZEUS is a training-free acceleration framework for ODE-based generative models with four key properties: (i) modality-agnostic—applicable to image, video generation; (ii) parameterization-agnostic—compatible with ϵ -, v -, and flow-prediction objectives; (iii) state-of-the-art speed–fidelity tradeoff—outperforming more complex methods with minimal overhead; (iv) minimal integration effort—fewer than 20 lines of code. See Section 4 for details.
Figure 2: Scarcity of full evaluations. Under an aggressive acceleration ratio, we have limited denoiser evaluations, creating a scarcity of real information. In this paper, we find that the (executed) denoising trajectory yields the observed, path-wise information set {ψt,Δ(1)ψt} , where Δ(1)ψt=ψt−ψ^t+1 .
Figure 3: ZEUS ablations on SDXL. We generate 1,000 samples from random MS-COCO 2017 prompts using DPM-Solver++ (50 steps). (a,b) Predictor order under a uniform 1:1 schedule. (c,d) Stability from reusing the observed information set under a uniform 1:3 schedule. This shows that ZEUS remains stable as the reduced-step run length increases.
r=1
r=2
r=3
2nd-order lagrange
0.1115
0.1907
0.2246
3rd-order lagrange
0.1283
0.2431
0.2593
ZEUS (ours)
0.119
0.1745
0.2034
speedup
1.80 ×
2.41 ×
2.81 ×
Table 1: Ablation on numerical predictor order and input information. Second- and third-order Lagrange baselines extrapolate directly on the true previous full denoiser evaluation, whereas ZEUS (ours) exploits local solver information. Results are reported for different acceleration ratios r and predictor order k . This shows that (i) a higher-order numerical predictor does not necessarily come with higher accuracy and (ii) incorporating true but stale evaluation increases error under aggressive acceleration. The training-free strategy should exploit local information.
Figure 4: Three approximation schemes. We compare reuse-only, predictor-only, and ZEUS (reuse of the observed information pair). Dark gray: reference trajectory ψ⋆ . Light gray: solver-computed outputs ψt . Crimson: approximated segments. Left–Reuse only: numerically stable but limited in expressivity; fine details erode (bottom). Middle–Predictor only: chaining second-order extrapolations overshoots without re-anchoring, producing artifacts (bottom). Right–Reuse observed information (ZEUS): alternating reuse of {ψt,ψt+Δ(1)ψt} prevents overshoot and preserves detail, yielding the best perceptual quality.
Model
Scheduler
Method
PSNR ↑
LPIPS ↓
FID ↓
Speedup ↑
SD-2
DPM++
DeepCache
17.70
0.271
7.83
1.43×
AdaptiveDiffusion
24.30
0.100
4.35
1.45×
SADA
26.34
0.094
4.02
1.80×
ZEUS-Medium
25.72
0.104
4.46
1.85×
Euler
DeepCache
18.91
0.239
7.40
1.45×
AdaptiveDiffusion
21.94
0.173
7.58
1.89×
Table 2: Image quality vs. speed on SD-2, SDXL, and FLUX. Higher is better for PSNR/Speedup; lower is better for LPIPS/FID. Per model+scheduler block, best is bold , second best is underlined .
Strategy
Bias
Variance
Predictor-only
O(j2Δ2)
Θ(j2)σ2
Reuse-only
O(jΔ)
σ2
ZEUS
O(Δ2) at j=1 ; O(jΔ) else
≤5σ2
Table 3: Bias and variance for consecutive reduced steps. Δ : step size; σ2 : noise variance.
Model
Method
PSNR ↑
SSIM ↑
LPIPS ↓
Speedup ↑
Wan 2.1
SpargeAttn
20.52
0.623
0.343
1.44 ×
SVG
22.99
0.785
0.199
1.58 ×
SVG2
25.81
0.854
0.138
1.58 ×
SVG2-Turbo
23.68
0.789
0.196
1.89 ×
Ours
29.00
0.846
0.117
1.76 ×
Table 4: Quality & efficiency on video generation. Higher is better for PSNR/SSIM/Speedup; lower is better for LPIPS. Per- model best is bold , second-best is underlined .
Flux
Scheduler
Steps
LPIPS ↓
FID ↓
Speedup
Euler
50
0.047
1.53
2.09 ×
25
0.040
2.65
1.58 ×
15
0.036
2.47
1.22 ×
SDXL
Euler
50
0.095
3.87
1.85 ×
Table 5: Ablation study on few-step sampling across schedulers. Results on MS-COCO 2017.
Solver
PSNR ↑
LPIPS ↓
FID ↓
Speedup ↑
Euler-1
28.66
0.095
3.87
1.85 ×
DPM++-2
29.17
0.084
3.59
1.87 ×
DPM++-3
29.05
0.079
3.28
1.88 ×
Table 6: Ablation on higher-order solvers.
Appendix figures & tables4 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
Prediction mode
Target ψ0(x0,ϵ,s)
Reconstruction x^0(s)
ϵ -prediction
ϵ
x^0(s)=αs1xs−αsσsψ∗(xs,s)
x0 -prediction
x0
x^0(s)=ψ∗(xs,s)
v -prediction
v=αsϵ−σsx0
x^0(s)=αs2+σs2αsxs−αs2+σs2σsψ∗(xs,s)
s -prediction
∇xslogqs(xs)=−σs1(xs−αs2+σs2αsx0)
x^0(s)=αs1xs+αsσs2ψ∗(xs,s)
Flow matching
ϵ−x0
x^0(s)=xs−sψ∗(xs,s)
Appendix
Table A.1 : Unified view of common parameterizations. Each training target ψ0 corresponds to a conditional regression, and the clean data x0 is exactly reconstructed via ( A.12 ).
Parameterization
ϕ(s)=E[ψt∣st=s]
ϵ -prediction
0
x0 -prediction
E[x0]
v -prediction
−σsE[x0]
Score-prediction
0
Flow-prediction
αs′E[x0]
Appendix
Table A.2 : Summary of different parameterizations.
Figure A.1 : Illustration of the Runge phenomenon. Left: polynomial interpolation with only 2 nodes. Right: interpolation with 10 nodes, which exhibits severe oscillations and divergence near the boundary.
Setting
Speedup ↑
Peak Mem (MB) ↓
PSNR ↑
SSIM ↑
LPIPS ↓
ZEUS (Medium)
2.07×
23370
31.593
0.938
0.029
ZEUS (Turbo)
3.34×
23370
23.115
0.811
0.114
Appendix
Table A.3 : Memory footprint ablation on FLUX-2-dev (64B) with 4-bit quantization. ZEUS preserves the peak GPU memory budget while increasing speedup.
Diffusion Transformers (DiT) have emerged as a widely adopted backbone for high-fidelity image and video generation, yet their iterative denoising process incurs high computational costs. Existing training-free acceleration methods rely on feature caching and reuse under the assumption of temporal stability. However, reusing features for multiple steps may lead to latent drift and visual degradation. We observe that model outputs evolve smoothly along much of the diffusion trajectory, enabling principled predictions rather than naive reuse. Based on this insight, we propose PrediT, a training-free acceleration framework that formulates feature prediction as a linear multistep problem. We employ classical linear multistep methods to forecast future model outputs from historical information, combined with a corrector that activates in high-dynamics regions to prevent error accumulation. A dynamic step modulation mechanism adaptively adjusts the prediction horizon by monitoring the feature change rate. Together, these components enable substantial acceleration while preserving generation fidelity. Extensive experiments validate that our method achieves up to 5.54× latency reduction across various DiT-based image and video generation models, while incurring negligible quality degradation.
Hanshuai Cui, Zhiqing Tang, Qianli Ma +3
School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China · Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China · Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
Diffusion models have achieved remarkable success in image and video generation tasks. However, the high computational demands of Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) pose a significant challenge to their practical deployment. While feature caching is a promising acceleration strategy, existing methods based on simple reusing or training-free forecasting struggle to adapt to the complex, stage-dependent dynamics of the diffusion process, often resulting in quality degradation and failing to maintain consistency with the standard denoising process. To address this, we propose a LEarnable Stage-Aware (LESA) predictor framework based on two-stage training. Our approach leverages a Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (KAN) to accurately learn temporal feature mappings from data. We further introduce a multi-stage, multi-expert architecture that assigns specialized predictors to different noise-level stages, enabling more precise and robust feature forecasting. Extensive experiments show our method achieves significant acceleration while maintaining high-fidelity generation. Experiments demonstrate 5.00x acceleration on FLUX.1-dev with minimal quality degradation (1.0% drop), 6.25x speedup on Qwen-Image with a 20.2% quality improvement over the previous SOTA (TaylorSeer), and 5.00x acceleration on HunyuanVideo with a 24.7% PSNR improvement over TaylorSeer. State-of-the-art performance on both text-to-image and text-to-video synthesis validates the effectiveness and generalization capability of our training-based framework across different models. Our code is available at https://github.com/caipeiliang2004/LESA.
Diffusion models have demonstrated remarkable success in image and video generation, yet their practical deployment remains hindered by the substantial computational overhead of multi-step iterative sampling. Among acceleration strategies, caching-based methods offer a training-free and effective solution by reusing or predicting features across timesteps. However, existing approaches rely on fixed or locally adaptive schedules without considering the global structure of the denoising trajectory, often leading to error accumulation and visual artifacts. To overcome this limitation, we propose DPCache, a novel training-free acceleration framework that formulates diffusion sampling acceleration as a global path planning problem. DPCache constructs a Path-Aware Cost Tensor from a small calibration set to quantify the path-dependent error of skipping timesteps conditioned on the preceding key timestep. Leveraging this tensor, DPCache employs dynamic programming to select an optimal sequence of key timesteps that minimizes the total path cost while preserving trajectory fidelity. During inference, the model performs full computations only at these key timesteps, while intermediate outputs are efficiently predicted using cached features. Extensive experiments on DiT, FLUX, and HunyuanVideo demonstrate that DPCache achieves strong acceleration with minimal quality loss, outperforming prior acceleration methods by +0.031 ImageReward at 4.87× speedup and even surpassing the full-step baseline by +0.028 ImageReward at 3.54× speedup on FLUX, validating the effectiveness of our path-aware global scheduling framework. Code is available at https://github.com/argsss/DPCache.