Wavelength-multiplexed massively parallel diffractive optical information storage and image projection

We introduce a wavelength-addressable diffractive optical network that transforms illumination wavelength into a high-dimensional control parameter for arbitrarily programmable 2D beam steering. The proposed passive architecture comprises cascaded spatially optimized diffractive layers, jointly designed using deep learning, to rapidly map distinct wavelengths to predefined/desired output angles. Unlike conventional single-layer dispersive optical elements, which are physically restricted to 1D linear mapping, this framework harnesses complex wavefront transformations to utilize the illumination wavelength as an intrinsic addressing key for arbitrary 2D beam steering, eliminating the need for mechanical scanning or electronic phase control. We numerically demonstrate wavelength-controlled beam steering across 625 wavelength channels spanning 400-750 nm, realizing a 25 x 25 array of independently addressable beam positions with subwavelength positioning accuracy and high channel fidelity. Unlike conventional gratings, which constrain wavelength routing to a linear trajectory, the proposed diffractive network performs nonlocal wavefront transformations, enabling arbitrary wavelength-to-angle mappings across a 2D field of view. We further validate the proposed framework experimentally in both the terahertz and visible spectral regimes, demonstrating wavelength-multiplexed beam steering using 3D fabricated passive diffractive layers at terahertz frequencies and phase-only spatial light modulators in the visible spectrum. This wavelength-addressable diffractive architecture establishes a compact and scalable paradigm for high-speed programmable beam steering, with potential applications in optical communications, routing, imaging, sensing, and emerging photonic information-processing systems.

Despite offering high sensitivity, a high signal-to-noise ratio, and a broad spectral range, single-pixel imaging (SPI) is limited by low measurement efficiency and long data-acquisition times. To address this, we propose a wavelength-multiplexed, spatially incoherent diffractive optical processor combined with a compact/shallow digital artificial neural network (ANN) to implement compressive SPI. Specifically, we model the bucket detection process in conventional SPI as a linear intensity transformation with spatially and spectrally varying point-spread functions. This transformation matrix is treated as a learnable parameter and jointly optimized with a shallow digital ANN composed of 2 hidden nonlinear layers. The wavelength-multiplexed diffractive processor is then configured via data-free optimization to approximate this pre-trained transformation matrix; after this optimization, the diffractive processor remains static/fixed. Upon multi-wavelength illumination and diffractive modulation, the target spatial information of the input object is spectrally encoded. A single-pixel detector captures the output spectral power at each illumination band, which is then rapidly decoded by the jointly trained digital ANN to reconstruct the input image. In addition to our numerical analyses demonstrating the feasibility of this approach, we experimentally validated its proof-of-concept using an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Overall, this work demonstrates a computational imaging framework for compressive SPI that can be useful in applications such as biomedical imaging, autonomous devices, and remote sensing.

Universal function approximation underpins neural networks' capacity to represent nonlinear relationships, but realizing this capability in optical hardware requires engineering the computational features encoded in light. Here, we show that wavelength diversity enhances optical function-approximation expressivity through wavelength-scaled Fourier features generated by a shared phase encoder, without increasing the number of input-encoded harmonics. Multiple wavelengths contribute to the representation of each output function rather than merely serving as independent computational channels. We establish theoretical scaling laws and approximation-error bounds, revealing that, for nondispersive encoders, the spectral endpoints determine the accessible computational bandwidth, while intermediate illumination wavelengths enrich the available harmonics within that bandwidth. Numerical studies demonstrate improved approximation of real- and complex-valued nonlinear functions, with a representative design achieving more than a 100-fold reduction in mean-squared error relative to tested monochromatic optical processors with the same number of trainable phase features. Experimentally, we validate enhanced approximation accuracy and demonstrate the simultaneous approximation of 4,136 distinct nonlinear functions using a compact, single-layer diffractive processor under five-wavelength illumination. These results establish wavelength diversity as an additional physical resource for scaling the expressive power of optical computing and enhancing the accuracy of parallel nonlinear function approximation.