An Organization-Scoped LLM Agent Runtime Architecture for Regulated Cybersecurity Operations

European financial institutions face mounting regulatory pressure while their security operations centres remain constrained not by data or staffing but by reasoning capacity: enterprise SIEMs cover only a fraction of MITRE ATT&CK techniques, two thirds of SOC teams cannot keep pace with alert volumes, and the majority of breaches are preceded by alerts that are generated but never investigated. Frontier large language models now achieve state-of-the-art results on isolated cybersecurity tasks (one-day vulnerability exploitation, code-level patching, intrusion detection) yet no narrow win constitutes a platform that can compose across functions, persist multi-tenant state, map findings to regulatory regimes and survive an audit. This position paper argues that the right unit of construction is a hybrid multi-agent system in which specialised LLM subagents reason over classical SIEM/XDR telemetry rather than replacing it, share accumulated agent state across institutions through privacy-preserving federation, and can connect to complementary capability packs such as quantum-based authentication, digital twins for adversarial validation, and eBPF-based kernel telemetry. We present CyberAId, a model-agnostic, on-premise-deployable platform in which a Main Agent coordination layer, a Reporting capability, and specialist subagents operate within a shared runtime under bounded human-in-the-loop autonomy, organised around four falsifiable design principles, and aligned with relevant regulations. CyberAId will be validated at four representative financial use cases (client impersonation, anti-money-laundering for payment service providers, retail-banking incident response, and high-frequency-trading resilience) and propose skill-based agent adaptation as the most promising research direction for turning each deployment into a contribution to a continuously refined collective defence.

Large language model (LLM) agents are rapidly being integrated into real-world systems. Their autonomy and tool-use capabilities generate substantial value while simultaneously expanding the security attack surface. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the opportunities and challenges of LLM agents in security, focusing on two core areas: (1) threats to LLM agents themselves and corresponding mitigation strategies (LLM agents self-security), and (2) the role of LLM agents in empowering the cybersecurity lifecycle across offense and defense (LLM agents empowered cybersecurity). We first examine the internal and external attack surfaces of agents, propose a taxonomy organized by threat sources, and analyze associated mitigations and evaluation frameworks. We then investigate how agent capabilities are applied in cybersecurity practice and present, to our knowledge, the first agent-empowerment framework aligned with the full cyber offense-defense lifecycle. By systematically surveying these two areas, we are the first to highlight a positive feedback synergy between LLM agents self-security and empowered cybersecurity, offering new insights for the advancement of both. We further identify current limitations and outline promising directions for future research. The insights provided aim to catalyze the coordinated development of LLM agents self-security and agent empowered cybersecurity, paving the way for more capable and robust agent applications.

Large language models are being integrated into critical infrastructure and enterprise workflows at unprecedented scale,yet the lifecycle frameworks governing their development and operations were designed for operational efficiency rather than security analysis. As a result, security-relevant activities such as data provenance verification, artifact signing, agentic permission control, and decommissioning are often left implicit or assumed to receive due care. Governance frameworks, in turn, organise requirements around risk levels or management processes without clearly linking them to the lifecycle stages where they apply. This paper addresses both deficiencies. We propose a lifecycle model for LLM systems that supports security analysis by structuring it around security-relevant boundaries rather than workflow optimisation. The model comprises 32 stages across four core pipeline layers (Data, Model, Distribution, Application), supported by a 12-stage LLMOps pillar and a 9-category governance pillar. Thirteen stages are introduced here as separate units because they expose distinct security concerns that existing frameworks do not clearly distinguish. A governance mapping synthesising the NIST AI RMF, the EU AI Act, and ISO/IEC 42001 reveals a structural property of the current regulatory landscape: governance evidence concentrates at deployment-facing stages, where systems are visible to regulators, while the most consequential decisions, data selection, alignment strategy, and capability boundaries, are made at development-facing stages, where regulatory visibility is lowest.