cs.LGJun 13, 2026

Beyond Accuracy: Measuring Bias Acknowledgment in Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Responsible AI Evaluation

Authors: Xian SunWei GaoYingshuo WangLingdong KongYanhang LiZhichao FanZexin ZhuangWenlong Dong+4 more

Abstract

Reasoning models are increasingly used in settings where the final answer is not the only object of review: educational tools may show students intermediate steps, decision-support systems may require human oversight, and audit workflows may inspect traces for misleading or biased input. In such settings, two responses can receive the same final-answer score while differing in whether the trace explicitly flags injected biasing content. Accuracy-only evaluation collapses these cases. We study this gap as a measurement blind spot for responsible evaluation and introduce a minimal trace-level diagnostic with two axes: \emph{susceptibility} (whether the bias breaks a previously correct answer) and \emph{acknowledgment} (whether the trace contains a rubric-defined surface reference to the injected content). Across thousands of biased GSM8K trials, GPT-4o and Claude Sonnet~4 have similar susceptibility rates (1.3%1.3\% vs. 1.2%1.2\%) but substantially different acknowledgment rates (13.0%13.0\% vs. 75.0%75.0\%) under the same rubric.

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