Localized 3D stylization aims to modify the appearance of a specified object part while preserving the remaining surfaces. In large reconstruction models (LRMs), this task is challenging because style is injected into intermediate appearance representations before rendering, while compact triplane features are shared across target and non-target surfaces, causing style leakage and boundary ambiguity. We propose Owner3D, a training-free framework for localized 3D stylization that integrates localized appearance control directly into the LRM reconstruction process. Specifically, Owner3D introduces ownership-guided style writing to restrict reference-style injection to target regions, producing a single localized stylized triplane without additional training while avoiding separate global style and appearance representations. To resolve appearance ambiguity near semantic boundaries, we further introduce boundary dual slots that maintain separate local feature sources for target and non-target regions. Finally, a surface-first texture readout hierarchically combines surface, 3D, and triplane ownership evidence to robustly recover appearance under incomplete visibility. Experiments on a benchmark constructed from Google Scanned Objects and PartNet demonstrate that Owner3D consistently outperforms existing 3D stylization methods in target-region style fidelity and non-target appearance preservation, reducing appearance leakage by 86.4% and 89.9% compared with StyleSplat and LAENeRF, respectively.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: Representative localized 3D stylization results on real-world textured objects from Google Scanned Objects (GSO) [ 4 ] . Each example shows the source object, style reference image, and the stylized 3D output produced by Owner3D.
Figure 2: Our framework. Given a content image, a style image, and a target prompt, a frozen LRM first reconstructs the object to estimate surface, 3D, and triplane ownership. Ownership-guided style writing then localizes style injection during appearance decoding to produce a localized stylized triplane. Boundary dual slots provide separate target and preserve features near semantic boundaries, and surface-first texture readout hierarchically integrates ownership evidence to retrieve the appropriate appearance features for rendering.
Figure 3: Qualitative comparison on representative objects from the PartNet dataset. The figure compares Owner3D with 13 existing 3D and image-space stylization methods.
Method
Style Fidelity ↓
T-Gram ↓
MV Cons. ↓
Leakage ↓
Runtime ↓
Owner3D (Ours)
0.1545
0.892
0.00009
0.0042
31.10s
Gaussian-Splatting-Based 3D Stylization
StyleSplat [ 12 ]
0.4909
1.103
0.00010
0.0309
8.15min
StylizedGS [ 30 ]
0.2211
1.058
0.00020
0.0571
1.94min
G-Style [ 15 ]
0.6532
0.876
0.00029
0.0608
12.52min
NeRF-Based 3D Stylization
Table 1: Performance comparison on the PartNet dataset across different 3D and image-space stylization methods. T-Gram values are scaled by 104 . Best results are highlighted in bold. Slash marks indicate that leakage is not directly comparable for image-space methods because they preserve non-target pixels through per-view compositing.
Figure 4: Qualitative ablation study of Owner3D. Each variant removes one component to analyze its effect on style localization and boundary appearance preservation.
Variant
T-Gram ↓
Mean Non-Target Feature Drift ↓
Maximum Non-Target Feature Drift ↓
Full model
0.831
0.000
0.000
w/o surface ownership
0.839
0.007
0.015
w/o gated mixing
0.843
0.374
0.558
w/o style residual
0.950
0.133
0.293
w/o boundary dual slots
0.874
0.353
0.630
w/o owner priority
0.873
0.277
0.549
Table 2: Performance comparison of ablation variants on the GSO dataset. Each variant removes one component of Owner3D to evaluate its contribution. Non-target feature drift measures the VGG-feature deviation of preserved regions from the full model, where lower values indicate better non-target appearance preservation.
Figure 5: Routing and readout sensitivity on a representative GSO object under different minimum visible-view requirements Kvis .
Figure 6: Style-write sensitivity on a representative GSO object. Rows vary the style-write strength α , and columns vary the number of style-write layers. Increasing either parameter strengthens style transfer but progressively weakens content preservation.
The growing demand for rapid and scalable 3D asset creation has driven interest in feed-forward 3D reconstruction methods, with 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) emerging as an effective scene representation. While recent approaches have demonstrated pose-free reconstruction from unposed image collections, integrating stylization or appearance control into such pipelines remains underexplored. Existing attempts largely rely on image-based conditioning, which limits both controllability and flexibility. In this work, we introduce AnyStyle, a feed-forward 3D reconstruction and stylization framework that enables pose-free, zero-shot stylization through multimodal conditioning. Our method supports both textual and visual style inputs, allowing users to control the scene appearance using natural language descriptions or reference images. We propose a modular stylization architecture that requires only minimal architectural modifications and can be integrated into existing feed-forward 3D reconstruction backbones. Experiments demonstrate that AnyStyle improves style controllability over prior feed-forward stylization methods while preserving high-quality geometric reconstruction. A user study further confirms that AnyStyle achieves superior stylization quality compared to an existing state-of-the-art approach. Repository: https://github.com/joaxkal/AnyStyle.
Joanna Kaleta, Bartosz Świrta, Kacper Kania +3
Warsaw University of Technology · Sano Centre for Computational Medicine · IDEAS NCBR +2
3D stylization is central to game development, virtual reality, and digital arts, where the demand for diverse assets calls for scalable methods that support fast, high-fidelity manipulation. Existing text-to-3D stylization methods typically distill from 2D image editors, requiring time-intensive per-asset optimization and exhibiting multi-view inconsistency due to the limitations of current text-to-image models, which makes them impractical for large-scale production. In this paper, we introduce GaussianBlender, a pioneering feed-forward framework for text-driven 3D stylization that performs edits instantly at inference. Our method learns structured, disentangled latent spaces with controlled information sharing for geometry and appearance from spatially-grouped 3D Gaussians. A latent diffusion model then applies text-conditioned edits on these learned representations. Comprehensive evaluations show that GaussianBlender not only delivers instant, high-fidelity, geometry-preserving, multi-view consistent stylization, but also surpasses methods that require per-instance test-time optimization - unlocking practical, democratized 3D stylization at scale.
Recent advances in rectified flow-based image-to-3D generative models have enabled high-fidelity 3D asset generation. Building on this, a growing line of work has exploited these strong 3D priors for training-free stylization, transferring visual attributes from a reference image onto a generated 3D asset. However, existing methods enforce an all-or-nothing paradigm: color and texture are transferred jointly, with no mechanism to control them independently -- a limitation we formalize as Disentangled 3D Stylization(Disen3D). To address this, we propose DiDE, the first training-free framework for Disen3D. Key to our approach is the observation that the structured latent space of image-to-3D models is overcomplete with respect to texture: texture information occupies only a small subset of the style-significant channels, leaving a free subspace available for independent color encoding. DiDE exploits this via a channel partition mechanism that processes a content image, a texture reference, and a color reference through dedicated branches and composes both style signals interference-free at every self-attention layer, preserving content geometry throughout. Experiments on Disen3D-Bench, our newly collected multi-reference benchmark, show that DiDE consistently outperforms 2D and 3D stylization baselines in color fidelity, texture transfer, and content preservation.
Tao Wu, Alexandra Gomez-Villa, Senmao Li +3
Computer Vision Center, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain · Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, United Arab Emirates · Jilin University, China +2