BASeg: Boundary-Aware Remote Sensing Segmentation with Structural Penalties

Semantic segmentation is a core computer vision task in the remote sensing field, accelerating advancements in ur- ban development, agriculture, ecology, water resources, and environmental monitoring. However, recent methods usually struggle to capture fine-grained object features and bound- ary details. Besides, current widely used datasets often lack city morphology diversity and segmentation on generative im- ages remains largely unexplored. To address these issues, we propose a Mahalanobis-Angle Boundary Loss (MABL) that explicitly enhances boundary and shape consistency. MABL jointly models structural importance and boundary orientation through Mahalanobis distance-based weighting and angle- aware penalty. It can be readily integrated into diverse seg- mentation architectures and consistently improves their accu- racy. Built upon MABL, we introduce BASeg, a boundary- aware remote sensing segmentation framework with Struc- tural Penalties. BASeg integrates a Global Visual State Space module (GSM) with a Cross-Feature Fusion module (CFM) to capture both long-range contextual dependencies and fine- grained local details. Additionally, we establish a global 10- city benchmark dataset (GCD-25k) to facilitate accurate build- ing and road segmentation. Extensive experiments on four remote-sensing benchmarks demonstrate that BASeg consis- tently outperforms existing methods, achieving up to a 2.8% improvement in mIoU while producing more accurate object boundary segmentation across diverse scenes. Moreover, integrating MABL into multiple existing segmentation archi- tectures consistently improves performance across datasets, demonstrating its robustness and broad applicability.