Scale-Separated Conditioning for Style-Encoder-Free Diffusion Stylization
Authors: Jingtao Zhang, Haorui Gao, Youqing Liang, Zeming Liu
Organizations: College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA · Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA · Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Reference-based diffusion stylization requires separating target geometry from transferable appearance. Existing tuning-based methods often rely on aligned content-style-target triplets or auxiliary visual encoders, which increases data cost and can transfer unintended scene structure from the style reference. We propose SEFS (Style-Encoder-Free Stylization), a style-encoder-free conditioning framework for diffusion transformers. SEFS forms style tokens from stochastic low-resolution crops of single training images. This crop bottleneck preserves local appearance statistics such as palette, stroke, texture, and material, while reducing access to global layout cues. Target content is encoded by edge and segmentation cues and fused with the noisy latent through parameter-efficient trainable projections. We add style-to-denoising re-normalization for token-statistic alignment and cross-block skip fusion for spatial detail. SEFS trains on unpaired single images; the frozen diffusion VAE is used only to place image conditions in the latent space. On artistic stylization benchmarks, SEFS improves content consistency and leakage diagnostics while retaining reference-style affinity, and ablations support the crop-resolution, re-normalization, and skip-fusion choices. The code of SEFS will be made publicly available.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: Representative comparisons with CSGO [ 28 ] , StyleShot [ 9 ] , and SEFS. Existing methods can drift from the target content or transfer reference-specific structure; scale-separated conditioning helps SEFS preserve target layout while matching reference appearance.
Figure 2: Framework of the proposed SEFS. The target image provides structural content conditions through Canny edges and SAM [ 15 ] segmentation, while the style pathway receives stochastic low-resolution crops that expose local appearance statistics and suppress global layout. Style tokens are concatenated with the denoising tokens and re-normalized using the denoising-token statistics (μd,vd) and style-token statistics (μs,vs) . The right part illustrates LoRA fine-tuning and cross-block skip fusion.
Figure 3: Training inputs of SEFS. Canny edges preserve fine structural boundaries, SAM masks preserve coarse region layout, and low-resolution style crops retain local appearance while reducing access to global reference geometry.
Skip-connection
SAM
Canny
IS
FID
CLIP-I
✓
✓
✓
9.1788
48.7677
0.9063
✗
✓
✓
9.1304
53.1521
0.8813
✓
✗
✓
9.1543
49.3103
0.8983
✓
✓
✗
9.0941
59.1620
0.8294
Table 1: Content-condition and skip-fusion ablation on WikiArt. All variants use 30k steps, batch size 32, and learning rate 2×10−5 .
Figure 4: Qualitative comparisons. SEFS better preserves target layout while transferring reference appearance; baselines either weaken style transfer or introduce reference-induced content drift.
Method
Content DINO
Content CLIP-I
Style Ref. Sim.
Leakage
FID
Time
StyleShot
0.8017
0.8684
0.7462
0.4871
56.8421
4.8s
StyleShot + Struct. Ctrl.
0.8918
0.8971
0.7785
0.4472
51.9248
7.2s
CSGO
0.8098
0.8566
0.7397
0.4944
60.6377
6.3s
SEFS
0.9040
0.9026
0.7835
0.3931
49.5724
6.1s
Table 2: Main comparison. StyleShot + Struct. Ctrl. gives StyleShot the same target-derived Canny/SAM controls as SEFS. Time is per image on A100. Lower Leakage/FID and higher content/style scores are better.
Variant
Content DINO
Style Ref. Sim.
Leakage
FID
Full SEFS
0.9040
0.7835
0.3931
49.5724
SEFS w/ Style Encoder
0.8924
0.7946
0.4478
52.3861
w/o style tokens
0.9132
0.7048
0.3619
55.2846
shuffled style
0.9015
0.7162
0.3698
53.9173
w/o re-normalization
0.8618
0.7447
0.4326
58.6035
high-res style tokens
0.8654
0.7779
0.4612
55.9184
Table 3: Cross-image mechanism controls on the same 1,000 content-style pairs.
Re-Normalization
Style Res
Style Enc
IS
FID
CLIP-I
✓
64×64
✗
9.4697
54.1585
0.8821
✗
64×64
✗
9.0913
66.9413
0.8191
✓
128×128
✗
9.2169
56.9813
0.8535
✓
256×256
✗
9.3046
58.9413
0.8199
✓
256×256
✓
9.4039
57.0631
0.8517
Table 4: Style-token ablation on WikiArt. “Style Res” is the style-view resolution; “Style Enc” replaces crop tokens with a pretrained CLIP visual encoder.
Xi’an High-tech Research Institute, Shaanxi, China · University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China · Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Shaanxi, China