Beyond Capability Benchmarks: Learning Operational Fingerprints of LLM Cloud Services from Production Incident Metadata
Organizations: Google Cloud Platform, Google LLC
Abstract
Managed LLM services are now part of real production systems, but model selection and service planning still rely heavily on capability benchmarks that reveal little about operational behavior after deployment. We present Operational Embedding (OpEmbed), a framework for learning compact operational fingerprints of LLM cloud services from structured, privacy-preserving support-case metadata, without using case text. OpEmbed aggregates model--time windows into an eight-channel operational signature and learns a low-dimensional representation via temporal contrastive learning, cross-view reconstruction, and generational-ordinality regularization. Evaluated on more than 33,000 production support cases spanning seven LLM families over 26 months at Google Cloud, OpEmbed recovers interpretable family- and version-level structure, improves leave-one-model-out operational forecasting over non-learned baselines, remains useful under limited early-window data, and supports cross-model fault-type transfer. We report the practical lessons learned from building and evaluating this tool for model onboarding, support readiness assessment, and operational monitoring.
Figures & tables
| Metric | Full | Tech-only | Best |
| Bug Rate | 0.807 | 0.437 | Full |
| Escalation Rate | 0.031 | 0.592 | Tech-only |
| Consult Rate | 0.064 | 0.483 | Tech-only |
| IRT Median | 0.595 | 0.331 | Full |
| Bounce Mean | 0.657 | 0.011 | Full |
| Comm Intensity | 0.503 | 0.072 | Full |
| Target Model | Window | Actual Top-3 Faults | OpEmbed Neighbors Found | OpEmbed Hit | Raw sig Hit | Same family Hit |
| gemini-1.5-flash | 2024-05 | Quotas, Gemini, Model Behavior and Quality | claude-3.7-sonnet, gemini-1.5-pro | 3/3 | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| claude-3.0-sonnet | 2024-10 | Quotas, Claude Models, Model Behavior and Quality | claude-3.5-sonnet, claude-3.7-sonnet | 3/3 | 2/3 | 2/3 |
| llama-4.0 | 2025-04 | Quotas, Vertex AI Agent, Model Behavior and Quality | claude-3.0-haiku, claude-3.5-sonnet | 3/3 | 3/3 | 1/3 |
| gemini-2.0-flash | 2026-01 | 429 Errors, Quotas, Vertex AI Model Registry | gemini-2.5-flash, gemini-3.0-flash | 3/3 | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| deepseek-v3 | 2026-02 | Quotas, Vertex AI Agent, Model Behavior and Quality | claude-4.0-opus, claude-3.5-sonnet, claude-3.5-haiku | 3/3 | 1/3 | 1/3 |
Appendix figures & tables5 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
| Model | Family | Nearest Neighbor (cosine dist) | 2nd Nearest (cosine dist) | 3rd Nearest (cosine dist) | NN is Same Fam? |
| claude-2.0-base | Anthropic-Claude | claude-3.5-haiku (0.199) | claude-4.0-sonnet (0.257) | claude-3.0-haiku (0.317) | ✓ |
| claude-3.0-haiku | Anthropic-Claude | claude-3.0-sonnet (0.084) | claude-3.5-haiku (0.114) | claude-3.5-sonnet (0.248) | ✓ |
| claude-3.0-opus | Anthropic-Claude | claude-3.0-sonnet (0.241) | claude-3.0-haiku (0.292) | claude-3.5-sonnet (0.327) | ✓ |
| claude-3.0-sonnet | Anthropic-Claude | claude-3.0-haiku (0.084) | deepseek-v3 (0.233) | claude-3.0-opus (0.241) | ✓ |
| claude-3.5-haiku | Anthropic-Claude | claude-4.0-opus (0.109) | claude-3.0-haiku (0.114) | claude-2.0-base (0.199) | ✓ |
| claude-3.5-sonnet | Anthropic-Claude | claude-3.7-sonnet (0.044) | claude-3.0-sonnet (0.242) | claude-3.0-haiku (0.248) | ✓ |
LLM Serving
Large language model serving studies how to deliver model responses with low latency, high throughput, and efficient use of compute and memory.
See all 211 papers