cs.CLSep 12, 2026

Mizan: A National Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Iraqi Arabic and the Iraqi Civic Context

Authors: Nawar S. Alseelawi, Mustafa S. Aljumaily

Organizations: University of Misan, Amarah, Iraq · Missan Oil Company, Amarah, Iraq

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Abstract

Arabic large-language-model (LLM) evaluation has matured around Modern Standard Arabic (MSA): aggregated leaderboards such as the Open Arabic LLM Leaderboard (OALL), HELM Arabic, and BALSAM rank models across dozens of MSA tasks, and frontier systems increasingly saturate them. Dialectal Arabic, the language Iraqis actually speak, remains nearly invisible to this infrastructure. We introduce Mizan ("the balance"), Iraq's national benchmark for evaluating LLMs on Iraqi Arabic and the Iraqi civic context: an MSA baseline track paired with an Iraqi track across six axes (dialect comprehension, dialect generation, bidirectional MSA-Iraqi translation, Iraq-specific knowledge, official-document field extraction, and safety), built from 340 originally authored, dually reviewed items with statistically audited answer positions and Wilson intervals on every published score. A pilot evaluation of 27 systems, spanning closed frontier models three days after release, open weights across size tiers, and an Arabic trio of commercial, open-specialized, and sovereign systems, yields four findings. The MSA track saturates while the Iraqi track discriminates, with a consistent 14-18-point per-model gap and statistically tied leaders. Official-document extraction confines every system to 32-56. Arabic-focused specialization behaves as MSA specialization: two dedicated Arabic models score below a size-matched generalist on the Iraqi track. And the safety-hardened tier of the newest model family deterministically refuses innocuous dialect-comprehension items as policy violations, an over-refusal mode invisible to MSA benchmarks. The platform enforces an integrity protocol of immutable snapshots, verification certificates, a human publication gate, and public retraction, all exercised during this study. Code and the public development set accompany the paper.

Figures & tables

RankModelDeveloperMSAIraqiOverall
=1gemini-2.5-proGoogle100.084.990.9
=1gpt-5OpenAI100.084.990.9
3gpt-6-astraOpenAI100.084.490.7
4gpt-4oOpenAI100.083.790.2
5gemini-2.5-flashGoogle100.083.690.1
6claude-sonnet-5Anthropic100.083.189.9
Table 1: The frozen pilot board (auto-scored axes; generative axes pending human judging). Ranks follow the declared tie-break rule: display-precision overall, then the Iraqi track; ties share a rank.
Figure 1: The two-track gap: Every model, MSA vs. Iraqi.
Figure 2: Iraqi Track with 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 3: The Document Wall: all 27 systems confined to 32-56
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