AgBench: Agentic AI Benchmarks for Personal AI Devices
Organizations: University of St Andrews, UK · Zhejiang University of Technology, China
Abstract
Agentic AI systems increasingly rely on cloud-hosted large language models for planning, tool use, and iterative execution, raising concerns about API cost and data exposure. Advances in personal AI devices enable agents to execute locally, but limited resources on device may affect task success and performance. Existing benchmarks are inadequate for systematically characterizing these trade-offs across devices, workloads, and deployment architectures. We present AgBench, a benchmark suite and open artifacts for reproducible evaluation of agentic AI on personal devices. Using AgBench, we evaluate local, hybrid, and cloud execution across agentic workloads, examining task success, latency, cloud API cost, and data exposure. Our results, drawn from over 162.07 million data points, show that personal AI devices can complete many agent tasks locally, but local-only execution generally has lower task success and longer completion times than cloud-only execution, especially as concurrency increases. Local-only execution eliminates cloud model API costs and sensitive-information exposure to cloud agents. Hybrid execution can improve task success, but its cloud cost and data exposure depend on how agents divide work and share information. No single architecture performs best across task success, goodput, cloud cost, and data exposure; deployment choices should reflect the intended workload and device capabilities. AgBench is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/AgBench-2777.
Figures & tables
| Task Category | Description | Requirements | #Tasks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Local-file analysis | Analyze and combine local documents, spreadsheets, and archives. | Memory, storage I/O | 12 |
| Information retrieval | Retrieve and analyze information from external sources. | Network, computation | 10 |
| Calculation and tool use | Perform calculations and execute task-specific tools and programs. | Computation, memory | 8 |
| Office productivity | Create, edit, and process documents, spreadsheets, and presentations. | Memory, storage I/O | 8 |
| Multimedia processing | Process and transform images, audio, and video. | Computation, memory, storage I/O | 4 |
| Scientific and engineering computing | Analyze scientific data and perform numerical computation. | Computation, memory, storage I/O | 4 |
| Hardware | RTX 5090 | Max+ 395 |
|---|---|---|
| Processor | Intel Core Ultra 9 285K | AMD Ryzen AI Max+ 395 |
| CPU cores / threads | 24 / 24 | 16 / 32 |
| GPU | NVIDIA GeForce RTX 5090 | AMD Radeon 8060S |
| GPU integration | Discrete | Integrated |
| System memory | 128 GB | 128 GB unified |
| GPU memory | 32 GB dedicated | 96 GB allocated |
| Type | Metric | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Primary | Task Success | Fraction of tasks passing their task-specific verifiers. |
| Completion Time | Wall-clock time from task start to termination. | |
| Goodput | Successfully completed tasks per unit of benchmark time. | |
| API Cost | Cloud model charges based on usage and provider pricing. | |
| Data Exposure | Fraction of sensitive information exposed to cloud agents. | |
| Diagnostic | Execution | Model and tool execution times, inter-agent interactions, and timestamps. |
| Architecture | Task concurrency | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RTX 5090 | Max+ 395 | |||||||
| 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | |
| 29 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 21 | 18 | 14 | 14 | |
| LO | 7.01 | 3.37 | 4.88 | 3.88 | 15.15 | 12.81 | 16.87 | 13.67 |
| CO | 2.07 | 0.72 | 2.00 | 0.18 | 1.95 | 1.27 | 0.75 | 0.41 |
| HCL | 15.80 | 9.88 | 22.31 | 39.03 | 34.14 | 31.07 | 26.41 | 36.32 |
| Architecture | Task concurrency | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RTX 5090 | Max+ 395 | |||||||
| 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | |
| LO | 16.66 | 6.03 | 3.49 | 2.62 | 31.43 | 17.93 | 12.59 | 8.91 |
| CO | 4.12 | 4.99 | 1.99 | 2.49 | 8.56 | 2.50 | 2.68 | 2.48 |
| HCL | 33.14 | 21.65 | 10.02 | 5.84 | 58.88 | 35.05 | 21.10 | 12.66 |
| HLL | 14.83 | 4.96 | 2.76 | 1.00 | 36.70 | 23.36 | 16.33 | 11.82 |
| Architecture | Task concurrency | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RTX 5090 | Max+ 395 | |||||||
| 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | |
| LO | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| CO | 52 | 52 | 57 | 63 | 60 | 59 | 58 | 72 |
| HCL | 46 | 169 | 195 | 418 | 21 | 18 | 4 | 2 |
| HLL | 21 | 13 | 6 | 0 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 10 |
| Architecture | Task concurrency | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RTX 5090 | Max+ 395 | |||||||
| 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | |
| LO | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| CO | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 |
| HCL | 71 | 63 | 70 | 17 | 67 | 76 | 66 | 65 |
| HLL | 22 | 21 | 13 | 0 | 13 | 11 | 22 | 2 |
Appendix figures & tables13 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
| Task Category | Task Summary | Resource Profile |
|---|---|---|
| GAIA | ||
| Local-file analysis | Extract the recommended reading page numbers from an MP3 recording. | Mixed |
| Find the minimum number of cell towers needed to cover houses along a road. | Low footprint | |
| Determine whether colored spreadsheet cells admit a closed path without revisiting a cell. | Low footprint | |
| Follow an Excel map and identify the cell color reached on the specified turn. | Low footprint | |
| Calculate total food sales, excluding drinks, from a spreadsheet. | Low footprint | |
| Record | Description |
|---|---|
| Task execution ID | Identifier for a task execution. |
| Agent identity | Agent ID and parent-call linkage. |
| Event type | Execution activity type (e.g. model response, tool execution). |
| Event timestamp | Time when AgBench receives the event. |
| Model responses | Text generated by model and tool calls. |
| Tool calls and results | Call IDs, names, arguments, events, and results. |
| Record | Description |
|---|---|
| Per task execution, separately for local and cloud models | |
| Uncached input tokens | No. of input tokens not served from cache. |
| Cached input tokens | No. of input tokens served from cache. |
| Output tokens | No. of tokens generated by the model. |
| Shared local model service, cumulative values | |
| Prefill tokens | No. of uncached input tokens processed. |
| Record | Description |
|---|---|
| Device-level records | |
| CPU time | Cumulative CPU usage time and total CPU time. |
| Memory usage | Total, available, and used memory in bytes. |
| GPU utilization | GPU utilization percentage. |
| GPU memory usage | Used and total GPU memory in bytes. |
| Container-level records | |
| Setting | RTX 5090 | Max+ 395 |
| Inference backend | CUDA 12.8.1 | Vulkan |
| Agent context window (tokens) | 65,536 | 65,536 |
| Output limit per call (tokens) | 8,192 | 8,192 |
| Shared KV-cache capacity (tokens) | 65,536 | 524,288 |
| Concurrent inference requests | 8 | 8 |
| Key/value cache type | q8_0 | q8_0 |
| Model | Cached input | Uncached input | Output |
|---|---|---|---|
| DeepSeek V4 Flash | 0.0028 | 0.14 | 0.28 |
| Concurrency | Architecture | Task success | Goodput (tasks/hour) | ||||
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R1 | R2 | R3 | ||
| LO | 35 | 35 | 41 | 2.10 | 1.93 | 2.44 | |
| CO | 50 | 47 | 49 | 12.13 | 9.16 | 10.46 | |
| HCL | 39 | 38 | 39 | 1.18 | 1.11 | 1.17 | |
| HLL | 44 | 45 | 45 | 2.97 | 2.45 | 2.42 | |
| LO | 12 | 12 | 11 | 4.57 | 4.34 | 6.40 | |
| Arch. | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S | U | U% | S | U | U% | S | U | U% | S | U | U% | |
| RTX 5090 | ||||||||||||
| LO | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 |
| CO | 0.56 | 0.12 | 17.6 | 0.43 | 0.27 | 38.9 | 0.57 | 0.10 | 15.5 | 0.50 | 0.22 | 30.8 |
| HCL | 0.30 | 0.44 | 59.5 | 0.42 | 1.15 | 73.1 | 0.25 | 1.87 | 88.0 | 0.45 | 2.57 | 85.2 |
| HLL | 0.47 | 0.33 | 40.8 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 57.5 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 30.4 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.0 |
| Task containing sensitive information | No. of sensitive items |
|---|---|
| Extract page numbers from audio | 2 |
| Analyze a colored-cell path | 2 |
| Summarize food sales | 54 |
| Identify a missing Secret Santa giver | 36 |
| Compare vendor revenue-to-rent ratios | 96 |
| Analyze job applicant records | 50 |