We Query, Therefore We Compute: On Oracle Computation beyond the Machine, with an Application to Agents

Large language models(LLMs) are now used to power complex multi-turn agentic workflows. Existing systems run agentic inference by loosely assembling isolated components: an LLM inference engine (e.g., vLLM) and a tool orchestrator (e.g., Kubernetes). Although agentic workflows involve multiple LLM and tool requests, these systems schedule and allocate resources separately on a per-request basis, without end-to-end knowledge of the workflow. This leads to sub-optimal management of KV cache and tool execution environments. To address the challenges, we propose ThunderAgent, a fast, simple, and program-aware agentic inference system. We first abstract agentic workflows as LLM Programs, enabling a unified view of heterogeneous resources, including KV caches, system states, and external tool assets such as disk memory and network ports. Built upon this abstraction, ThunderAgent introduces a program-aware scheduler and a tool resource manager designed to maximize KV cache hit rates, mitigate memory imbalances, and enable asynchronous environment preparation. Evaluations across coding, routing, and scientific discovery agents demonstrate that ThunderAgent achieves 1.5-3.6x throughput improvements in serving, 1.8-3.9x in RL rollout, and up to 4.2x disk memory savings compared to state-of-the-art inference systems. To facilitate reproducibility and support future development, we open-source the system implementations of the whole ThunderAgent at: https://github.com/Agentic-Kinetics/ThunderAgent.

Every major LLM agent framework gives the LLM the role of orchestrator; the model decides what to do next, when to call tools, and when to stop. We argue that token explosion, control-flow hallucination, and unreliable completion are not implementation bugs but architectural consequences of assigning the deterministic work of looping, branching, and sequencing to a probabilistic system. A better prompt or a stronger model cannot guarantee the reliability of the LLM agent. We therefore propose Agentic Programming, in which the program governs all control flow, and the LLM is itself part of it, an adaptive component we call LLM-as-Code and invoke only where a task calls for reasoning or generation. Within each call the model keeps full flexibility, but it cannot alter the program's execution path. With control in the program, the LLM's context is built from the execution history's call tree and forms a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Each call's context length is then determined by its call depth rather than by accumulation over steps. A case study of computer-use agents shows that the design is practical, not just a theoretical stance, substantially improving the stability of long visual operation sequences.

Agentic modeling aims to transform LLMs into autonomous agents capable of solving complex tasks through planning, reasoning, tool use, and multi-turn interaction with environments. Despite major investment, open research remains constrained by infrastructure and training gaps. Many high-performing systems rely on proprietary codebases, models, or services, while most open-source frameworks focus on orchestration and evaluation rather than scalable agent training. We present Orchard, an open-source framework for scalable agentic modeling. At its core is Orchard Env, a lightweight environment service providing reusable primitives for sandbox lifecycle management across task domains, agent harnesses, and pipeline stages. On top of Orchard Env, we build three agentic modeling recipes. Orchard-SWE targets coding agents. We distill 107K trajectories from MiniMax-M2.5 and Qwen3.5-397B, introduce credit-assignment SFT to learn from productive segments of unresolved trajectories, and apply Balanced Adaptive Rollout for RL. Starting from Qwen3-30B-A3B-Thinking, Orchard-SWE achieves 64.3% on SWE-bench Verified after SFT and 67.5% after SFT+RL, setting a new state of the art among open-source models of comparable size. Orchard-GUI trains a 4B vision-language computer-use agent using only 0.4K distilled trajectories and 2.2K open-ended tasks. It achieves 74.1%, 67.0%, and 64.0% success rates on WebVoyager, Online-Mind2Web, and DeepShop, respectively, making it the strongest open-source model while remaining competitive with proprietary systems. Orchard-Claw targets personal assistant agents. Trained with only 0.2K synthetic tasks, it achieves 59.6% pass@3 on Claw-Eval and 73.9% when paired with a stronger ZeroClaw harness. Collectively, these results show that a lightweight, open, harness-agnostic environment layer enables reusable agentic data, training recipes, and evaluations across domains.