cs.CLOct 13, 2026

Empathy Is Not the Scapegoat for Declines in Factuality and Reliability

Authors: Letian Shi, Kanwal Mehreen, Deheng Zhang, Yuxia Wang

Organizations: INSAIT, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski” · University of British Columbia

Abstract

Language models are increasingly expected to support users in stressful or uncertain situations, where warmth and empathy are desirable. While recent work associates warmer models with reduced reliability, we show that this conclusion is incomplete. Prior studies often train primarily on empathetic dialogue, making it difficult to separate tone effects from SFT-induced distribution shift. We revisit this issue at both the model and evaluation levels. We study prompting, SFT, and RL for inducing warm behavior, and comprehensively evaluate capability preservation using an 11-dataset benchmark suite and EMOFACT under emotional contexts. Across multiple model families, we find that warmth effects are task- and model-dependent, while task-aligned adaptive tone can improve empathy and targeted reliability, although some capability trade-offs remain. We further introduce human-validated empathy evaluators specifically developed to assess empathetic model responses. Our results suggest that models can be more supportive in social interactions while remaining reliable.

Explore similar work

CardsList
  1. Practicing with Language Models Cultivates Human Empathic Communication

    Mar 16, 2026Aakriti Kumar, Nalin Poungpeth, Diyi Yang +2

  2. Can You Break RLVER? Probing Adversarial Robustness of RL-Trained Empathetic Agents

    May 8, 2026Deeraj S K, Sadhana Devarajan, Krishna Mehra +1Emotion Recognition in ConversationsAdversarial Robustness of Language Models

  3. What Single-Prompt Accuracy Misses: A Multi-Variant Reliability Audit of Language Models

    May 3, 2026Ranit Karmakar, Jayita ChatterjeeLLM EvaluationLanguage Model Calibration