While recent advances in text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis have substantially improved speech quality and modeling flexibility, the development of lightweight and computationally efficient systems remains comparatively underexplored. We present LeanTTS, a bilingual complete synthesis stack that supports two complementary regimes: reference-prompt zero-shot cloning for unseen speakers and token-conditioned customization for recurring voices. LeanTTS combines a compact Mandarin polyphone front end, a structurally compressed flow-matching acoustic model, and a lightweight Vocos decoder with four-step MeanFlow generation. The resulting system contains 18.9M learned parameters, 86.12% fewer than the 136.2M-parameter ZipVoice-Vocos pipeline. On Seed-TTS-Eval, its zero-shot mode obtains 2.02 CER/62.3 SIM on Mandarin and 2.32 WER/48.3 SIM on English, exposing the quality-size trade-off under aggressive compression. With token-conditioned customized voices, the same system reaches 1.57 CER/77.2 SIM on Mandarin and 1.93 WER/76.6 SIM on English, with UTMOS scores of 3.03 and 4.33, respectively. It further achieves mean/P90 CPU RTFs of 0.049/0.061, establishing a sub-20M operating point for bilingual personalization and real-time CPU deployment. Audio demos are available at https://github.com/notlu/leantts.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: Bilingual preset-voice inference and acoustic-model architecture of LeanTTS.
Objective metrics
test-zh
test-en
Model
NFE
Params
CER ↓
SIM ↑
UTMOS ↑
WER ↓
SIM ↑
UTMOS ↑
Zero-shot voice cloning
CosyVoice3 [ 8 ]
10
≥ 1.8B
1.12
78.1
3.31
2.22
72.0
3.97
Spark-TTS [ 27 ]
–
662.989M
1.21
67.1
3.27
1.97
58.7
3.94
MOSS-TTS-Nano [ 12 ]
–
139.281M
4.40
64.1
2.96
3.09
49.9
3.62
Table 1: System-level comparison on Seed-TTS-Eval. Mandarin intelligibility is reported as CER and English intelligibility as WER; baseline values follow the corresponding official reports.
Acoustic model
Vocoder
NFE
Mean RTF ↓
P90 RTF ↓
ZipVoice-distill
Original Vocos
4
1.6975
2.2617
ZipVoice-distill
Compact Vocos
4
1.6190
2.1540
LeanTTS-25M
Compact Vocos
4
0.0610
0.0720
LeanTTS-13M
Compact Vocos
4
0.0490
0.0610
Table 2: Component-wise CPU real-time factor (RTF) at four NFEs. Mean and 90th-percentile (P90) RTF are reported; lower is faster.
Front end
Overall ↑
Acc.avg.p ↑
Acc.avg.pp ↑
Candidate-slot G2PW
98.0631
97.5011
94.2679
Compact global-head G2PW
98.1527
97.5377
94.5919
Global-head G2PW (8L/512)
98.7125
98.3513
96.4304
Table 3: Mandarin polyphone disambiguation under a common evaluation protocol.
Vocos
UTMOS ↑
ViSQOL ↑
PESQ ↑
V/UV F1 ↑
Period. ↓
13.5M FP32
3.7466
4.6584
3.6675
0.9585
0.1007
2M FP32
3.5116
4.5365
3.3723
0.9497
0.1203
2M INT8
3.1921
4.3623
3.1963
0.9405
0.1339
Table 4: Vocoder reconstruction on LibriTTS test-clean.
Update
EN WER ↓
EN SIM (%) ↑
ZH CER ↓
ZH SIM (%) ↑
250k
2.067→2.108
49.6→50.2
1.658→1.730
63.5→63.8
300k
2.256→1.937
48.4→50.5
1.933→1.646
62.2→64.4
450k
1.893→1.782
51.2→51.6
1.664→1.623
64.7→63.6
500k
1.975→1.742
50.7→52.1
1.701→1.584
63.2→64.7
Table 5: Recovery-objective ablation at matched training updates and inference steps. Each entry reports ground-truth FM only → teacher-guided recovery; bold indicates the better result.
Building state-of-the-art text-to-speech (TTS) systems typically demands millions of hours of proprietary data and complex multi-stage architectures, creating substantial barriers for resource-constrained research teams. In this report, we present PilotTTS, a lightweight autoregressive TTS system that achieves competitive performance through minimalist architecture and rigorous data engineering. PilotTTS is trained on only 200K hours of data processed entirely with open-source tools. Specifically, our contributions are: (1) a reproducible multi-stage data processing pipeline covering quality assessment, label annotation, and filtering, and (2) a compact model architecture that employs Q-Former-based conditioning to decouple speaker identity from speaking style via cross-sample paired training. Within a unified framework, PilotTTS supports zero-shot voice cloning, emotion synthesis (11 categories), paralinguistic synthesis (4 categories), and Chinese dialect synthesis (14 dialects). On the Seed-TTS Eval benchmark, PilotTTS achieves the lowest WER of 1.50% on test-en, a CER of 0.87% on test-zh, and the highest speaker similarity on both test sets (0.862 and 0.815), outperforming systems trained on significantly larger datasets. We release the complete data pipeline recipe, pretrained weights, and code at https://github.com/AMAPVOICE/PilotTTS.
Bowen Li, Shaotong Guo, Zhen Wang +11
Amap, Alibaba Group · The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen
TTS systems with autoregressive semantic modeling have demonstrated strong zero-shot voice cloning performance and rich expressive variation, but their sequential decoding incurs substantial latency. Non-autoregressive alternatives offer much faster generation, yet often rely on more restrictive reference conditioning, such as requiring transcripts of the reference speech during inference. We present Tacit-TTS, an efficient transcript-free zero-shot voice cloning system distilled from IndexTTS2. Our model replaces autoregressive text-to-semantic decoding with masked non-autoregressive generation, introduces training-free acoustic length estimation, and accelerates the flow-matching renderer through ReFlow distillation. Across two English and two Mandarin datasets, Tacit-TTS achieves competitive zero-shot quality while generating speech over 10x faster than IndexTTS2 for utterances longer than 5 seconds. Its transcript-free conditioning further supports cross-lingual and non-lexical references. We validate this capability using references from eight other languages, infant babble, and synthetic gibberish, where transcript-dependent systems often degrade or fail due to unreliable ASR transcripts.
Zero-shot text-to-speech (TTS) typically conditions on a short speech prompt, which conveys timbre but provides only limited evidence of a speaker's prosodic patterns. We formulate Long-Prompt Zero-Shot TTS, a task that uses long speech prompts at inference time to reproduce speaker-specific prosody without target-speaker fine-tuning. We introduce LP-TTS-Bench, a bilingual benchmark of 37 speakers with 63.95 prompt hours and 2,728 held-out test utterances. Beyond intelligibility and timbre similarity, LP-TTS-Bench evaluates timing, prominence, intonation, and model-based prosody metrics, enabling multidimensional evaluation of prosody reproduction. As a reference system, we develop LPTTS, whose hierarchical Long-Prompt Encoder compresses long speech prompts into a fixed number of continuous prosody vectors. Experiments show improvements in several prosodic dimensions over a short-prompt baseline, with overall gains as prompt duration increases up to approximately 10 minutes and saturation at longer durations.
Dekun Chen, Renjie Xu, Yingda Shen +2
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen · Amphion Technology Co., Ltd.