MemSteer: Turning User Histories into Supervision for Agent Memory Optimization
Organizations: Peking University · Microsoft Research Asia
Abstract
An effective agent memory system should adapt to a user's history and task requirements. Human-annotated supervision can guide this adaptation by providing feedback for evaluating and improving memory designs. Yet suitable labels are rarely available for new user histories, and manually constructing QA pairs and supporting evidence is costly. We introduce MemSteer, which turns unlabeled user histories into question-answer (QA) supervision with supporting evidence for memory-design optimization. MemSteer constructs an evidence-grounded answer plan that specifies how facts across related records jointly support a reference answer. The plan guides question generation, while source-grounded auditing and blind answer recovery check the resulting annotations. To study the utility of this supervision, we develop MemSteer-Opt, which combines QA-based design evaluation with evidence-guided failure diagnosis to revise memory store, retrieval, and context construction without updating model parameters. Experiments on ATM-Bench and RHELM show that this supervision is competitive with official-QA-guided optimization. Relative to Base-BM25, MemSteer-Opt improves ATM-Bench Question Score by 13.4 points and RHELM accuracy by 4.1 and 6.6 points without and with external data, respectively. The supervision also benefits two existing optimizers on ATM-Bench, while new-user experiments demonstrate continued design optimization using supervision generated from the target histories.
Figures & tables
| Evaluation users | Base-BM25 | 6-user design | Personal continuation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Source users (6) | 31.5 | 34.3 | – |
| Martin Keller | 41.2 | 37.7 | 44.3 |
| David R. Ellis | 37.3 | 38.6 | 39.2 |
| QS | QA quality (%) | Kept | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Method | Full | Hard | GPT-5- mini | DS-V4F | Avg. | (%) |
| Naive-QA | 54.2 | 5.3 | 63.3 | 63.8 | 63.5 | – |
| + checks | 64.8 | 24.4 | 77.8 | 77.0 | 77.4 | 21.2 |
| Ragas-QA | 63.0 | 23.3 | 73.5 | 69.3 | 71.4 | – |
| + checks | 65.1 | 20.7 | 84.3 | 80.8 | 82.5 | 42.1 |
| MemSteer w/o checks | 65.2 | 22.0 | 83.5 | 67.3 | 75.4 | – |
| Generation | Quality (%) | Tokens/q (k) |
|---|---|---|
| Direct QA | 67.8 | 64.0 |
| Joint Plan–Q | 73.1 | 68.2 |
| Two-stage Plan–Q | 85.9 | 105.1 |
Appendix figures & tables6 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
| ATM-Bench | ATM-Bench-Hard | |||||
| Method | Backbone | Supervision | QS | R@10 | QS | R@10 |
| Reference memory systems | ||||||
| Memexa | DeepSeek-V4 | None | 65.3 | 78.9 | – | – |
| A-Mem | DeepSeek-V4 | None | – | – | 16.7 | 38.5 |
| MemPalace | DeepSeek-V4 | None | – | – | 13.6 | 28.9 |
| HippoRAG2 | DeepSeek-V4 | None | – | – | 12.3 | 32.2 |
| ATM-Bench | ATM-Bench-Hard | |||||
| Method | Backbone | Supervision | QS | R@10 | QS | R@10 |
| Reference memory systems | ||||||
| MemPalace | Qwen3-VL-2B/8B | None | 56.8 | 76.4 | 9.7 | 28.3 |
| ATM-RAG | Qwen3-VL-2B/8B | None | 51.0 | 68.7 | 13.8 | 30.4 |
| Self-RAG | Qwen3-VL-2B/8B | None | 50.3 | 68.7 | – | – |
| ScrapMem | Qwen3-VL-2B/8B | None | 48.4 | 66.1 | – | – |
| Model | Without External Data Sources | With External Data Sources | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FC | TP | AG | HL | MI | EX | MX | Avg | FC | TP | AG | HL | MI | EX | MX | Avg | |
| RAG Baselines | ||||||||||||||||
| GPT-4.1-mini ( ) | 35.8 | 17.3 | 17.7 | 15.2 | 3.1 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 16.3 | 34.8 | 14.1 | 19.3 | 11.7 | 3.1 | 16.9 | 12.4 | 17.5 |
| GPT-4.1-mini ( ) | 44.0 | 32.4 | 31.8 | 18.3 | 3.1 | 12.1 | 12.9 | 23.5 | 42.5 | 28.7 | 30.7 | 13.2 | 3.1 | 28.5 | 13.8 | 25.1 |
| GPT-4.1-mini ( ) | 59.9 | 41.6 | 40.1 | 15.7 | 1.5 | 12.9 | 16.7 | 28.9 | 54.6 | 39.5 | 38.0 | 11.2 | 1.5 | 38.6 | 22.4 | 32.6 |
| Hybrid ( ) | 34.3 | 20.5 | 14.1 | 19.8 | 1.5 | 8.0 | 10.5 | 16.7 | 31.9 | 19.5 | 14.1 | 19.3 | 1.5 | 16.1 | 10.5 | 17.6 |
| Persona | Role | Base-BM25 | Shared design | |
| Jonas Richter | Training | 106 | 25.5 | 33.0 (+7.5) |
| David Reyes | Training | 132 | 34.8 | 37.1 (+2.3) |
| Dr. Elias Romero | Training | 122 | 31.1 | 31.1 (+0.0) |
| Justice Arvind P. Mehra | Training | 123 | 33.3 | 34.1 (+0.8) |
| Elena Morales | Validation | 87 | 35.6 | 39.1 (+3.5) |
| Dr. Elena Markovic | Validation | 109 | 28.4 | 32.1 (+3.7) |
LLM Agent Memory
Large language model agent memory lets agents retain, organize, retrieve, and update information across interactions and long-running tasks.
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