Sep 23, 2026, cs.SDJ/K move · Enter open · S save
Daniel Penner, Abram Hindle
Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Machine learning tools have significantly aided automatic piano music transcription; however, this domain has focused primarily on accurately predicting the pitches and timings of played notes. To produce sheet music for the piano, notes must be separated into two staves, one for each hand, and good sheet music often contains fingering annotations to guide the player when sight-reading or learning fast or complex pieces. We propose 8 statistical approaches for combined hand and fingering annotation of transcribed piano notes, including baseline hidden Markov models, rule-based methods, a synthesis of existing approaches, and N-gram language models. Furthermore, we develop a pipeline for complete transcription from piano audio to fingering-annotated sheet music. Evaluations with the PIG dataset demonstrate that our Synthesis model achieves a hand separation accuracy of 90.8% and a joint hand and finger annotation accuracy of 56.6%. These approaches serve as a new baseline for further research into this problem, while our pipeline demonstrates the feasibility of a combined system for automated note transcription, hand separation, and fingering annotation.