Sep 29, 2026, cs.LGJ/K move · Enter open · S save
Michael Kirchhof, Eleonora Gualdoni, Andrew Szot, Khashayar Gatmiry+5
Apple
The common paradigm of reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is to let agents make multiple attempts at a task, and optimize towards the successful ones. This becomes problematic in the realms of self-improvement, where tasks are so difficult that the agent has a low or even no chance of success, and where there are no teacher models or example solutions to distill from. In this paper, we introduce RLTL;DR. After each failed attempt, we show the policy the verifier outputs and let it write its own feedback, in the form of a single TL;DR insight. The next rollout is conditioned on all previous insights, and we sequentially sample rollouts until a solution is found. Moreover, we enable backpropagation on the in-context insights to internalize a direct task to insight mapping. On challenging tool-calling and coding datasets (filtered to Pass@128=0), standard GRPO training of a Qwen 3.5 9B Thinking policy stays flat at a Pass@1 of 0% to 1%. RLTL;DR breaks through this learning barrier, achieving a Pass@1 of 14-31% with insights in context during training and, crucially, 12-13% when no insight is in context at eval time. We identify that the key is the task to insight internalization. To study this further, we reduce our approach to SFTL;DR, training only on (task, insight) tuples, without showing or backpropagating on any rollouts. Training on only 4k of these tuples recovers almost the full performance of RLTL;DR and classical SFT on full rollouts. This demonstrates a promising compacted training paradigm of the form "on this sort of task, keep this sort of thing in mind", which we hope to inspire future research on.