Differentiable Zero-One Loss via Hypersimplex Projections
Organizations: School of Data, Mathematical, and Statistical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA · Department of CIS, University of Macau, Macao, China
Abstract
Recent advances in machine learning have emphasized the integration of structured optimization components into end-to-end differentiable models, enabling richer inductive biases and tighter alignment with task-specific objectives. In this work, we introduce a novel differentiable approximation to the zero-one loss-long considered the gold standard for classification performance, yet incompatible with gradient-based optimization due to its non-differentiability. Our method constructs a smooth, order-preserving projection onto the n,k-dimensional hypersimplex through a constrained optimization framework, leading to a new operator we term Soft-Binary-Argmax. After deriving its mathematical properties, we show how its Jacobian can be efficiently computed and integrated into binary and multiclass learning systems. Empirically, our approach achieves significant improvements in generalization under large-batch training by imposing geometric consistency constraints on the output logits, thereby narrowing the performance gap traditionally observed in large-batch training.
Figures & tables
| CIFAR-10 | FashionMNIST | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Batch | CE | HS (ours) | t-stat | p-val | CE | HS (ours) | t-stat | p-val | ||
| 128 | 0.8885 | 0.8917 | 0.0032 | 2.29 | 0.084 | 0.9456 | 0.9467 | 0.0011 | 1.31 | 0.262 |
| 256 | 0.8843 | 0.8874 | 0.0030 | 3.47 | 0.026 | 0.9434 | 0.9473 | 0.0040 | 4.34 | 0.012 |
| 512 | 0.8807 | 0.8857 | 0.0050 | 6.08 | <0.01 | 0.9436 | 0.9469 | 0.0033 | 5.51 | <0.01 |
| 1024 | 0.8776 | 0.8821 | 0.0045 | 9.78 | <0.01 | 0.9413 | 0.9453 | 0.0040 | 6.67 | <0.01 |
| 2048 | 0.8725 | 0.8791 | 0.0066 | 7.81 | <0.01 | 0.9388 | 0.9446 | 0.0058 | 12.97 | <0.01 |
Appendix figures & tables1 asset
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
| Dataset | Higgs | Flight | KDD10 | KDD12 | Criteo | Avazu | KKBox | MovieLens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross Entropy | 0.823 | 0.773 | 0.826 | 0.724 | 0.774 | 0.738 | 0.777 | 0.827 |
| HyperSimplex | 0.846 | 0.778 | 0.849 | 0.729 | 0.796 | 0.741 | 0.797 | 0.828 |
Classification
Classification maps observations to discrete labels, including familiar, unknown, hierarchical, or multiple categories.
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