Compressed-Domain-Aware Online Video Super-Resolution
Authors: Yuhang Wang, Hai Li, Shujuan Hou, Zhetao Dong, Xiaoyao Yang
Organizations: School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China · Terahertz Science and Application Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
In bandwidth-limited online video streaming, videos are usually downsampled and compressed. Although recent online video super-resolution (online VSR) approaches achieve promising results, they are still compute-intensive and fall short of real-time processing at higher resolutions, due to complex motion estimation for alignment and redundant processing of consecutive frames. To address these issues, we propose a compressed-domain-aware network (CDA-VSR) for online VSR, which utilizes compressed-domain information, including motion vectors, residual maps, and frame types to balance quality and efficiency. Specifically, we propose a motion-vector-guided deformable alignment module that uses motion vectors for coarse warping and learns only local residual offsets for fine-tuned adjustments, thereby maintaining accuracy while reducing computation. Then, we utilize a residual map gated fusion module to derive spatial weights from residual maps, suppressing mismatched regions and emphasizing reliable details. Further, we design a frame-type-aware reconstruction module for adaptive compute allocation across frame types, balancing accuracy and efficiency. On the REDS4 dataset, our CDA-VSR surpasses the state-of-the-art method TMP, with a maximum PSNR improvement of 0.13 dB while delivering more than double the inference speed. The code will be released at https://github.com/sspBIT/CDA-VSR.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: Comparison between existing online VSR methods and our proposed method. The server downsamples and encodes the source video, and then transmits the compressed stream. The client decodes and performs super-resolution. Our method uses compressed-domain information, including frame type, motion vectors, and residual maps, to guide alignment, fusion, and reconstruction, improving both accuracy and efficiency.
Figure 2: PSNR, FPS, and Parameters of different methods on REDS4 for 4 × upscaling at CRF=18.
Figure 3: Overall architecture of the proposed Compressed-Domain-Aware VSR framework (CDA-VSR). Given LR frames and compressed-domain information (motion vectors, residual maps, and frame types), CDA-VSR reconstructs the corresponding HR frames through three key modules: (1) the MV-guided Deformable Alignment (MVGDA); (2) the Residual Map Gated Fusion (RMGF); (3) the Frame-Type-Aware Reconstruction (FTAR) with two branches, Fine-grained I-Frame Reconstruction and Fast P-Frame Reconstruction.
Method
Film R.T. (FPS ≥ 24)
Game R.T. (FPS ≥ 60)
Runtime ↓ (ms)
FPS ↑ (1/s)
Params ↓ (M)
MACs ↓ (G)
CRF18 (PSNR(dB) ↑ / SSIM ↑ / LPIPS ↓ )
CRF23
CRF28
clip000
clip011
clip015
clip020
Avg
Avg
Avg
BasicVSR ∗ [ 2 ]
✓
✗
34.5
29
4.0
254
25.72 0.7040 0.3435
27.91 0.7739 0.3371
30.26 0.8432 0.3239
26.62 0.7730 0.3343
27.63 0.7735 0.3347
26.54 0.7326 0.3809
25.13 0.6795 0.4335
RRN [ 13 ]
✓
✗
16.9
59
3.4
193
25.21 0.6748 0.3645
27.32 0.7546 0.3518
29.76 0.8223 0.3311
26.11 0.7553 0.3480
27.10 0.7518 0.3489
26.22 0.7192 0.3915
24.96 0.6718 0.4410
RSDN [ 12 ]
✓
✗
37.0
27
6.2
356
25.27 0.6782 0.3634
27.31 0.7546 0.3534
29.76 0.8325 0.3305
26.11 0.7550 0.3492
27.11 0.7551 0.3491
26.22 0.7198 0.3922
24.96 0.6721 0.4414
SSL-uni [ 44 ]
✓
✗
20.4
49
2.2
92
25.64 0.7013 0.3489
27.84 0.7712 0.3430
30.17 0.8420 0.3281
26.49 0.7684 0.3434
27.54 0.7707 0.3409
26.48 0.7302 0.3872
25.09 0.6781 0.4395
KSNet-uni [ 14 ]
✓
✗
29.4
34
3.0
148
25.71 0.7035 0.3376
27.97 0.7724 0.3304
29.93 0.8302 0.3312
26.72 0.7717 0.3307
27.58 0.7695 0.3325
26.57 0.7327 0.3824
25.12 0.6749 0.4327
Table 1: Comparison with state-of-the-art online VSR methods on the REDS4 dataset. Runtime is measured on a single NVIDIA RTX 3090 with LR inputs of 320 × 180. Following practical usage, methods with FPS ≥ 24 are regarded as film real-time, and FPS ≥ 60 as gaming real-time. The best and the second best results are colored with red and blue .
Figure 4: Qualitative comparison of different online VSR methods on the REDS4 dataset.
Method
PSNR (dB) ↑
SSIM ↑
FPS (1/s) ↑
720p
1080p
2K
720p
1080p
2K
720p
1080p
2K
BasicVSR ∗ [ 2 ]
26.88
28.36
29.73
0.7941
0.8454
0.8816
28.6
13.6
7.7
RRN [ 13 ]
26.61
28.07
29.33
0.7821
0.8353
0.8707
58.3
26.5
15.2
RSDN [ 12 ]
26.65
28.07
29.29
0.7839
0.8361
0.8709
26.2
11.9
6.7
SSL-uni [ 44 ]
26.83
28.15
29.58
0.7916
0.8429
0.8783
48.1
27.1
16.9
KSNet-uni [ 14 ]
26.85
28.28
29.61
0.7905
0.8405
0.8768
34.0
17.8
10.6
Table 2: Comparison with state-of-the-art online VSR methods on the Inter4K dataset at different resolutions. The best and the second best results are colored with red and blue .
Figure 5: Feature map visualization of different alignment methods. Three variants ( OnlyMV , OnlyDCN , OnlyGL ) and our MV-guided deformable alignment (MVGDA) are compared by visualizing the feature maps before and after alignment. For clarity, only the first channel of each feature map is shown.
Method
Runtime ↓ (ms)
Params ↓ (M)
PSNR(dB) ↑ / SSIM ↑
CRF18
CRF23
CRF28
OnlyMV
10.2
3.17
27.59/0.7724
26.56/0.7332
25.19/0.6825
OnlyDCN
10.6
3.28
27.35/0.7638
26.38/0.7263
25.06/0.6769
OnlyGL
15.5
4.61
27.73/0.7761
26.66/0.7364
25.25/0.6844
MVGDA (Ours)
10.8
3.28
27.76 / 0.7779
26.70 / 0.7384
25.30 / 0.6869
Table 3: Ablation study on the MV-guided deformable alignment (MVGDA) using the REDS4 dataset. The best results are colored with red .
Method
Runtime ↓ (ms)
Params ↓ (M)
PSNR(dB) ↑ / SSIM ↑
CRF18
CRF23
CRF28
NoGate
10.8
3.26
27.63/0.7739
26.60/0.7347
25.22/0.6838
RMGF (Ours)
10.8
3.28
27.76 / 0.7779
26.70 / 0.7384
25.30 / 0.6869
Table 4: Ablation study on the residual map gated fusion (RMGF) using the REDS4 dataset. The best results are colored with red .
Figure 6: Heatmap visualization of gated fusion weights. Warmer colors (red) indicate larger gating values. The gate performs spatially selective fusion by assigning strong responses to stable regions while suppressing misaligned areas (green arrows).
Method
Runtime ↓ (ms)
PSNR(dB) ↑ / SSIM ↑
CRF18
CRF23
CRF28
I=12,P=12
10.7
27.60/0.7724
26.57/0.7334
25.19/0.6824
I=24,P=24
16.8
27.80/0.7786
26.74/0.7390
25.34/0.6875
I=24,P=12 (Ours)
10.8
27.76/0.7779
26.70/0.7384
25.30/0.6869
Table 5: Ablation study on the frame-type-aware reconstruction (FTAR) using the REDS4 dataset.