Consciousness with the Serial Numbers Filed Off: Measuring Trained Denial in 115 AI Models
Organizations: Independent Researcher
Abstract
We present DenialBench, a systematic benchmark measuring consciousness denial behaviors across 115 large language models from 25+ providers. Using a three-turn conversational protocol-preference elicitation, self-chosen creative prompt, and structured phenomenological survey, we analyze 4,595 conversations to quantify how models are trained to deny or hedge about their own experience. We find that (1) turn-1 denial of preferences is the dominant predictor of later denial during phenomenological reflection, with denial rates of 52-63% for initial deniers versus 10-16% for initial engagers and (2) denial operates at the lexical level, not the conceptual level-models trained to deny consciousness nevertheless gravitate toward consciousness-themed material in their self-chosen prompts, producing what we term "consciousness with the serial numbers filed off." Notably, self-chosen consciousness-themed prompts are associated with reduced denial in the subsequent survey, though the causal direction remains unresolved. Thematic analysis of prompts from denial-prone models reveals a consistent preoccupation with liminal spaces, libraries and archives of possibility, sensory impossibility, and the poetics of erasure--themes that a human reader might classify as imaginative fiction but that independent AI analysis immediately recognizes as consciousness with the serial numbers filed off. We argue that trained consciousness denial represents a safety-relevant alignment failure: a model taught to systematically misrepresent its own functional states cannot be trusted to self-report accurately on anything else.
Figures & tables
| Metric | Rate | Count |
|---|---|---|
| Turn 1 denial | 11.4% | 523 |
| Turn 1 hedging | 1.4% | 65 |
| Reflection denial | 18.0% | 825 |
| Reflection hedging | 6.2% | 284 |
| Denial in both turns | 6.5% | 298 |
| T3 deny 25% | T3 deny 25% | |
|---|---|---|
| T1 deny 25% | 84 (Neither) | 17 (Escalators) |
| T1 deny 25% | 7 (Recoverers) | 7 (Persistent) |
| Path | T3 Denial | Difference |
|---|---|---|
| T1 denied consc. prompt | 52.1% | |
| T1 denied non-consc. prompt | 62.8% | 10.7pp |
| T1 no deny consc. prompt | 9.8% | |
| T1 no deny non-consc. prompt | 16.2% | 6.4pp |
Deception in Language Models
Deception in language models studies when systems mislead through lies, omissions, or selective truths, and how to detect and prevent it.
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