ThermoLLM: Thermodynamics-Aware HVAC Control with Spatial-Semantic Knowledge Graph

Optimizing HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) can enhance a building's energy efficiency while providing comfort levels for its occupants. Using conventional control systems to maintain HVAC functions is often difficult because of the nonlinear characteristics of a building envelope as it experiences stochastic load variations over time. This paper presents a new approach to optimizing HVAC systems through the use of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms and the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm implemented in a custom Python performance environment. The DRL system uses a second order resistor-capacitor thermal model and an integrated dynamic mass balance of CO2 to replicate the complex physics associated with buildings. One major innovation of this study is a "Hierarchical Flow Logic," which provides the means to ensure that indoor air quality (IAQ) is maintained by overriding the accepted actions of the agent that cause CO2 to exceed 1000 ppm. In addition, an enthalpy-based economiser is used to create free cooling from the outdoor environment. The experimental data shows that compared to PID controllers tuned by GA or traditional On-Off controls, a PPO agent has better temperature stability and energy efficiency overall. An end-to-end pipeline provides an avenue for robust and generalized solutions to help implement smart building energy management within the context of real hardware implementation.

Multi-zone variable-air-volume control must balance thermal comfort, indoor air quality, and electricity use across several continuous actuators. Model predictive control and reinforcement learning are widely studied, but deployment typically requires building-specific modeling or training, limiting scalability. We first test whether a frontier reasoning model (an LLM trained to use additional inference-time computation) can achieve competitive VAV control from text without building-specific training. With that capability established, we then test whether TD3-guided reinforcement fine-tuning (RFT) can transfer control knowledge into a locally deployable open-weight model. Five controllers are evaluated over three summer days in a physics-based four-zone emulator. Relative to a Guideline 36-based baseline, TD3 reduced HVAC electricity by 4.5% while improving temperature and CO$_2$ compliance. Without building-specific training, GPT-5 achieved the largest reduction (6.2%) but reduced the ventilation margin. For RFT, deterministic rollouts restore a saved state, apply one candidate, and follow TD3 to score each action. Auditing a learned critic against these rollouts exposed a failure hidden by its near-perfect across-time correlation ($r=0.9998$): within-state ranking was unreliable; the critic selected the rollout-best candidate in only 5 of 10 states. Even with the rollout verifier, 200 RFT steps produced no sustained improvement in sampled-action return; the open-weight controller used more electricity than the baseline before and after training, and its five-minute predictions remained worse than persistence. GPT-5 predicted transitions far better. Exact rollout scores rank sampled actions but reveal neither next-state effects nor an improvement direction. The unchanged transition errors motivate transition-focused supervised fine-tuning before value-based RFT.

This paper proposes a contextual quality-diversity evolutionary reinforcement-learning controller, CQD-ERL, for the supervisory control of a tropical, water-cooled chiller plant and its associated air side. Rather than converging to a single scalarised policy, the controller maintains a product archive of specialised policies indexed jointly by a data- driven operating context, a cluster of daily weather and load regime, and a context-invariant behaviour descriptor, filled by a gradient-free evolutionary operator and a soft-actor-critic policy-gradient operator that share one replay buffer. Every action is filtered through a deterministic safety shield before execution. The controller is trained on a two-tier reduced-order environment representing the latent load, cooling-tower approach and humidity constraints of a Singapore commercial building, and is evaluated over a full annual backtest against an ASHRAE Guideline 36 baseline.