End-to-End Real-Time Drone-Based Person Detection Framework Using Deep Learning

Drone-based object detection technology has advanced rapidly, becoming increasingly sophisticated and efficient. Recently, research trends have expanded beyond the detection of predefined objects toward the identification of specified target objects. For example, desired targets can be specified through textual prompts, enabling accurate detection of objects of interest. To address this demand, this paper proposes an efficient multimodal-based object detection model aimed at improving small object detection performance. The proposed method is built upon the YOLO-World framework and replaces the C2f layers used in the YOLOv8 backbone with attention-based A2C2f layers. This modification enables more precise representation of local features, particularly for small objects or objects with well-defined boundaries. In addition, the incorporation of attention mechanisms and parallel processing structures significantly enhances the model's computational accuracy. Comparative experiments conducted on the VisDrone dataset demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms the original YOLO-World model. Specifically, precision increases from 43.0% to 45.1%, recall from 32.8% to 35.0%, the F1 score from 37.2% to 39.4%, mAP@0.5 from 32.5% to 35.2%, and mAP@0.5-0.95 from 18.5% to 19.9%, confirming a substantial improvement in detection accuracy. These results verify that the proposed approach provides an effective and highly accurate solution for object detection in drone-based image and video application environments.

Object detection is a fundamental capability for AI-driven perception in safety-critical drone and edge-vision systems, including disaster response, operational security environments, infrastructure monitoring and defense applications. Robust model performance in such environments depends on large, continuously updated datasets. However, training high-performing detectors typically requires centralizing aerial imagery, which raises privacy, regulatory, storage, and bandwidth challenges. This is especially problematic in distributed drone deployments, where visual data is generated onboard and is often impractical or undesirable to transfer to a centralized infrastructure. In this work, we apply Federated Learning (FL) for object detection, enabling drones to improve a shared model while keeping image data local and private. We implement a federated object detection pipeline using the Sherpa.ai FL platform on the KIIT-MiTA dataset, and compare it with Single-drone and Centralized baselines using mean Average Precision (mAP) at IoU thresholds of 0.50 and 0.50-0.95. In our experiments, the proposed FL approach remains close to Centralized training while dramatically improving over Single-drone training, with the best lightweight model (YOLO26 nano), suitable for deployment even on very limited edge infrastructure, achieving relative gains of 52.89% and 67.80% in mAP@0.50 and mAP@0.50:0.95, respectively. These results show that FL enables scalable, high-performing, and privacy-preserving object detection across distributed drone fleets without data centralization.

Autonomous drones are rapidly transforming modern warfare and civil applications alike. This paper presents the development of an integrated intelligent drone system designed to serve as a personal assistant. Leveraging the DJI Tello drone platform, we implemented a modular architecture that integrates three core artificial intelligence functionalities: facial detection, facial recognition, and depth estimation from monocular vision. A web-based interface enables seamless drone control and real-time video monitoring, while a Python-based server processes visual data and executes inference pipelines using lightweight neural models optimized for embedded systems. Unlike existing commercial solutions, this system emphasizes accessibility, low-cost hardware, and open-source technologies. The system demonstrates robust performance in real-world conditions, including person tracking, indoor scanning, and autonomous line following using virtual sensors. This project validates the applicability of advanced AI techniques in real-time robotic systems and illustrates the feasibility of deploying them on constrained hardware, providing a foundation for future research in autonomous UAVs for military, rescue, and surveillance missions.