UniReflex: Plug-and-Play Force Control for Pretrained Generative Policies via Fast-Slow Reflex
Organizations: Tsinghua University Shenzhen International Graduate School · Nanyang Technological University · X Square Robot · Xspark AI
Abstract
Generative imitation learning policies excel at trajectory planning but lack closed-loop force regulation, while directly incorporating force modalities often requires redesigning or retraining the network. We present UniReflex, a universal plug-and-play framework that equips frozen generative policies with variable impedance control (VIC) for contact regulation, guided by force-direction intent collected during demonstration, without further slow-backbone fine-tuning. By non-invasively intercepting deep latent representations from the action head, UniReflex drives a fast reflex network that decouples active force exertion from external interaction response. This scheme predicts normalized anisotropic stiffness directions for directional compliance allocation. Furthermore, UniReflex integrates an adaptive gating mechanism that enables seamless transitions between position-dominant planning and force-dominant execution. Real-world bimanual experiments demonstrate that UniReflex significantly improves contact stability and success rates while preserving original position accuracy. Our approach achieves 25-66x lower per-step backward latency relative to joint training strategies on the evaluated backbones.
Figures & tables
| Category | Representative methods | Force ctrl. | Closed- loop | Variable stiff. | Ref. force | Plug- play | Fast-only training |
| Variable impedance control | |||||||
| Guided Control | ACP [ 15 ] | Active | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Hybrid P/F Control | ForceVLA2 [ 23 ] | Active | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Force-conditioned imitation learning | |||||||
| Force-aware DP | FoAR [ 13 ] | Passive | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Force-aware VLA | TA-VLA [ 37 ] , ForceVLA [ 34 ] | Passive | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Policy | Wipe (Curve) | Wipe (Incline) | Plug Charger | Peel Note | Flip Chip Box | |||||
| lift | wipe | lift | wipe | lift | plug | lift | peel | push | flip | |
| RDP | 60.0% | 50.0% | 80.0% | 70.0% | 60.0% | 50.0% | 60.0% | 50.0% | 70.0% | 50.0% |
| ForceVLA | 30.0% | 20.0% | 50.0% | 30.0% | 30.0% | 0.0% | 50.0% | 30.0% | 40.0% | 20.0% |
| TA-VLA | 50.0% | 50.0% | 70.0% | 50.0% | 40.0% | 40.0% | 70.0% | 40.0% | 50.0% | 30.0% |
| DP | 70.0% | 30.0% | 80.0% | 30.0% | 70.0% | 50.0% | 90.0% | 30.0% | 80.0% | 30.0% |
| 80.0% | 30.0% | 90.0% | 30.0% | 80.0% | 50.0% | 90.0% | 30.0% | 90.0% | 30.0% | |
| Variant | Peel Note | Wipe (Curve) | Wipe (Incline) |
| Force/stiffness output (Phase II success / F-err.) | |||
| UniReflex (DP) | 90.0% / 5.8% | 70.0% / 8.9% | 70.0% / 6.8% |
| No stiffness mod. | 50.0% / 32.4% | 30.0% / 38.7% | 40.0% / 35.6% |
| Fixed isotropic stiffness | 50.0% / 28.3% | 40.0% / 34.2% | 30.0% / 36.5% |
| Wrench-only | 30.0% / 34.1% | 20.0% / 37.4% | 20.0% / 33.8% |
| Manual impedance | 60.0% / 18.4% | 50.0% / 19.2% | 40.0% / 17.6% |
| Perturbation | Policy | Metric | Peel | Wipe | Flip |
| Dynamic | DP | Rec. | 10.0% | 20.0% | 10.0% |
| UniReflex (DP) | Rec./ | 90.0%/0.87s | 100.0%/1.13s | 80.0%/1.28s | |
| TCP bias (1–2 cm) | UniReflex (DP) | Phase II Rec. | 80.0% | 90.0% | 70.0% |
| Backbone | Slow/Fast Params | Ratio | Steps / Size | Joint FT (ms) | Ours (ms) | Speedup |
| DP | 452.3M / 1.70M | 0.375% | 20 (DDIM) / 256 | 406 | 7.70 | 53 |
| 3.50B / 6.60M | 0.188% | 10 (Flow-Matching) / 1,024 | 566 | 8.57 | 66 | |
| DreamZero | 22.92B / 62.2M | 0.271% | 8 (Flow-Matching) / 5,120 | 5,490 | 223 | 25 |
Force-Controlled Robotic Manipulation
Force-controlled robotic manipulation studies how robots regulate contact forces and compliance to grasp, assemble, and work safely with objects and surfaces.
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