Biological-Hybrid Intelligence: A Conceptual Framework for Distributed Biological--Artificial Computation

Biological and artificial systems offer complementary forms of adaptation, learning, and computation, with advances in in-vitro neurotechnology increasingly enabling bidirectional coupling between them. As these systems become more tightly integrated, a key architectural question is how task-relevant computation should be distributed across both substrates. Yet existing biohybrid solutions optimise the biological substrate, the AI model, or their interface without explicitly addressing how such computation is allocated, reassigned, and evaluated. We introduce Biological-Hybrid Intelligence (BHI), a conceptual framework for distributing computation across adaptive biological and artificial substrates coupled through a bioelectronic interface and coordinated by an orchestrator. BHI treats both substrates as computational entities whose computational responsibilities may change during operation. BHI requires reciprocal co-adaptation and differs from systems that merely decode biological activity, stimulate a living substrate, or adapt a single component. BHI further defines three operating modes: adversarial, collaborative, and codependent, distinguished by whether the substrates compete, divide computational labour, or become mutually necessary for task performance. BHI provides a common basis for comparing computational frameworks, defining benchmarks for latency, viability, interface bandwidth, learning efficiency, and reproducibility. It also highlights governance considerations arising from reciprocal stimulation, adaptation, and data exchange. More broadly, BHI invites computer scientists to consider biological substrates as active computational resources and to ask not only how a task should be computed, but where its computation should reside. BHI therefore reframes biological-artificial integration as a system-level problem of computational allocation, coordination, and control.