Equilibrium bias and convergence in augmented primal--dual dynamics with sampled constraints

We study nonasymptotic convergence of primal-dual methods for a class of nonconvex constrained optimization problems under local multiplier regularity. Both the objective and functional inequality constraints are compositions of convex Lipschitz outer functions with smooth nonlinear mappings. Unlike existing analyses requiring regularity globally or along the entire iterate sequence, we impose multiplier regularity only near the feasible set. Using an auxiliary minimax problem with a compact dual set, we derive Lyapunov estimates that identify nearly feasible iterates under feasible initialization and a sufficiently large penalty, without assuming multiplier boundedness. Local regularity then bounds the associated multipliers and makes dual truncation inactive, yielding approximate KKT certificates for the original problem. The smoothed prox-linear augmented Lagrangian method with dual regularization yields an $O(K^{-1/3})$ KKT residual rate. Without regularization, piecewise linear outer functions and additional local structural assumptions yield a local dual error bound and the sharper $O(K^{-1/2})$ rate.

Augmented Lagrangian and optimistic primal--dual methods stabilize equality-constrained optimization through seemingly different mechanisms: the former adds constraint-dependent primal curvature, while the latter adds dual memory. Recent work has shown that these mechanisms are equivalent for scalar parameters. We extend this equivalence to matrix-valued correction. We prove an additivity principle: for symmetric matrix parameters, the ideal primal trajectory depends only on the summed correction matrix, not on how it is split between augmented and optimistic channels. This exposes a design freedom: algebraically equivalent decompositions can have different finite-step feasibility because augmented correction affects primal curvature, whereas optimistic correction affects the scale of the dual memory correction. We formulate the resulting step-size-limited design problem and derive a closed-form hybrid rule that selects a matrix correction, splits it between the two channels, and chooses primal and dual steps using local spectral weights. Experiments on nonlinear equality-constrained problems with controlled constraint-Jacobian conditioning show that the hybrid design improves over pure augmented and pure optimistic endpoints, closely tracks a grid-search hybrid oracle, and is competitive with first-order primal--dual baselines under mild-to-moderate ill-conditioning. The experiments also identify the expected limitation: exact cancellation requires increasingly large matrix corrections as the constraint Jacobian becomes ill-conditioned.

For solving nonconvex equality-constrained optimization problems, a recent Gradient-Eigenstep Algorithm by Goyens et al.~is an iteration-efficient approach, based on minimizing Fletcher's augmented Lagrangian function, for finding an approximate second-order stationary point from an arbitrary starting point. In this paper, the analysis of this algorithm is extended, offering a two-fold contribution. First, it is shown that a local-linear rate of convergence can be obtained by this method if it is initiated sufficiently close to a strong second-order stationary point and employs a sufficiently small step-size parameter and sufficiently large penalty parameter. In this case, the algorithm reduces to a gradient descent algorithm applied to minimize Fletcher's augmented Lagrangian. Second, as a particularly useful application of the first result, it is shown that the Gradient-Eigenstep algorithm can be used as an iteration-efficient subproblem solver in the context of a progressive sampling strategy for solving equality-constrained optimization problems when the objective and constraint functions are defined by large sample averages, ultimately offering an algorithm with an improved worst-case sample complexity when compared to an approach that solves a full-sample problem directly.