What Should World Models Forget? Stratified Retention for Continual Adaptation
Organizations: University of Maryland, College Park, USA
Abstract
Continual learning treats degradation on previously seen data as evidence of failure, a convention inherited from settings with a stationary prediction target, where a correct label remains correct indefinitely. World models do not satisfy this condition. Their prediction target is the environment, which changes, so knowledge that was accurate when acquired may later become false, and discarding it is required behavior rather than a defect. Non-stationary ground truth is well studied in the concept drift literature and in the temporal factuality of language models, but has not been formulated for world models, which are distinctive in that they also encode knowledge that must never be revised. We argue that continual world models require retention stratified by invariance timescale, separating invariants such as physics and object permanence, which must never be revised, from instance-level facts that should be revised as soon as the environment changes. Standard forgetting metrics cannot distinguish a world model that has correctly revised outdated knowledge from one that has suffered catastrophic forgetting, and consequently rank a frozen model highest, while existing physical-reasoning benchmarks evaluate only frozen checkpoints. We propose differential retention, which reports invariant regression testing across the adaptation stream jointly with revision latency, without aggregation.
Figures & tables
| Stratum | Examples | Required behavior | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Invariants | gravity, object permanence, impenetrability, geometric consistency, action–effect structure | never revised, as any change is a defect | |
| Environment regularities | long | room layout, road network, how other agents typically behave | revised slowly, on accumulated evidence |
| Instance configuration | short | where objects are, which door is open, current lighting | revised promptly |
| Transient state | immediate | who is moving where, momentary occlusion | no retention expected |
World Model Learning
World model learning builds predictive models of how environments change under actions to support planning, simulation, and decision-making.
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