Dynamics Modeling of a Multi-UAV Slung Load System Using a Discrete-Link Cable Approach

This work proposes a novel control and estimation approach for aerial manipulation of a cable-suspended load using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Common approaches in the state of the art have practical limitations, relying on direct load measurements and Lagrangian methods for dynamic modeling. The lack of a straightforward dynamic model of the system led us to propose adopting the Udwadia-Kalaba method to explicitly incorporate the cable's geometric constraints. This formulation allowed for the consistent derivation of the tension force and its direct integration into the NMPC prediction model. Additionally, we propose a sensorless load state estimation based on the same geometric constraints. Results from real-robot experiments demonstrated that the explicit inclusion of load dynamics in the optimization problem significantly reduces trajectory-tracking errors and yields better overall performance compared to strategies based on incomplete models.

Abrupt cable severance in multi-UAV slung-load transport redistributes load and changes the active constraint set, leaving limited time for fault diagnosis and reconfiguration. Existing controllers rely on coordinated force allocation, peer-state exchange, or fixed cable topology, and therefore lack a certified decentralized recovery mechanism for unannounced severance. We present a passive architecture that routes each vehicle's measured cable tension directly into its altitude thrust command, $T_i^{\mathrm{ff}}=T_i$, while a surrounding proportional-derivative, anti-swing, and projection cascade preserves local tracking feasibility. The main contribution is a conditional hybrid practical input-to-state-stability certificate that composes a slack-excursion-bounded taut-cable reduction, bounded post-severance Lyapunov jumps, inter-fault decay, and per-fault-cycle contraction $ρ\in (0,1)$ into an explicit recovery envelope under stated actuator, slack, and dwell assumptions. We validate the controller in Drake multibody simulation with five vehicles, a 10 kg payload, Kelvin-Voigt cables, Dryden wind, and single- and dual-severance schedules: the closed loop attains 0.312-0.328 m RMSE, 76.1-95.2 mm peak sag, and recovery within one payload-pendulum period. Disabling the identity inflates cruise error by 34-39% and peak sag by 3.6x-4.0x, identifying local tension feed-forward as the dominant passive recovery mechanism in the tested decentralized cascade.

Cooperative payload transportation using multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) poses challenges in stability, coordination, and robustness, especially under external disturbances and unmodeled dynamics. This work proposes a dual-UAV payload transportation framework supported by a compact, custom-designed force sensor measuring the interaction force at the UAV cable anchor point. The sensor design and mathematical model are presented, and its performance is characterized through static and dynamic tests evaluating linearity, hysteresis, repeatability, and crossload. The control architecture follows a cascade structure: fast inner loops handle vehicle stabilization, while outer loops are designed to compensate for the measured forces. The approach is validated through simulations and indoor experiments under position uncertainty. Payload-drop and constrained-space tests assess the proposed sensing and control architecture against literature-based distributed references, showing improved stabilization, coordination, and disturbance rejection. A video of the experiments is available at: https://youtu.be/rIw9-fvV8Qw.