SWE-Critix: Post-Training Generalist Verifiers for Assessing Coding-Agent Trajectories
Organizations: Leibniz Research Center, Huawei, Hong Kong SAR, China · School of Information Technology, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Abstract
Coding agents are increasingly deployed for end-to-end software engineering tasks, where a readily available oracle evaluator that defines the success criteria is often absent. This motivates verifications for coding agents that can reliably judge and explain their behavior. However, verification is non-trivial as coding agents are increasingly capable of solving long-horizon software engineering tasks. Their execution trajectories can be extremely long, containing hundreds of iterative interactions with code repositories and external tools. Existing verifiers either rely on general-purpose LLMs without specialized training or train dedicated critics that predominantly focus on producing scalar rewards, highlighting the relatively limited exploration of training-based generalist verification. We introduce SWE-Critix, a post-training pipeline for training generalist verifiers of coding-agent trajectories. Given a task and its execution trajectory, the learned verifier predicts the completion label and generates a natural-language analysis that explains its judgment. Our pipeline combines supervised fine-tuning (SFT) with reinforcement learning (RL) and trains a series of 30B models on trajectories from CodeForge-Preview. On a held-out test set, SWE-Critix improves classification accuracy from 57% for the base Qwen3-30B-A3B reasoning model to 66% after SFT and 78% after RL. We release our models, datasets, and training code to facilitate further research.
Figures & tables
| Outcome | Process | |
| Training-free | Agentless [ 7 ] ; LLM-as-a-Verifier [ 8 ] ; Trae [ 9 ] ; Agentic Rubrics [ 10 ] | SWE-PRM [ 11 ] ; Wink [ 12 ] ; TrajDebug [ 13 ] ; SWE-Prime [ 14 ] ; ProcCtrlBench [ 15 ] RETRACE [ 16 ] ; LivePlan [ 17 ] ; AgentLens [ 18 ] ; |
| Training-based Scalar | SWE-Gym [ 19 ] ; R2E-Gym [ 20 ] ; DeepSWE [ 21 ] ; SWE-RM [ 22 ] ; Dockerless [ 23 ] ; SWE-TRACE [ 24 ] | OpenHands Critic [ 25 ] ; Zainullina et al. [ 26 ] ; Critic Rubrics [ 27 ] |
| Training-based Generalist | Agentic Rubrics [ 10 ] ; ExecCritic [ 28 ] ; SWE-Review [ 29 ] | Gandhi et al. [ 30 ] ; Scout [ 31 ] ; SWE-Critix |
| Dataset | Model | Accuracy | Precision+ | Recall+ | F1+ | Precision- | Recall- | F1- |
| R2E-Gym | Qwen3-30B-A3B | 0.60 (3495/5846) | 0.68 (3483/5128) | 0.88 (3483/3965) | 0.77 | 0.80 (12/15) | 0.01 (12/1881) | 0.01 |
| SWE-Critix SFT | 0.52 (3027/5846) | 0.73 (1817/2488) | 0.46 (1817/3965) | 0.56 | 0.36 (1210/3358) | 0.64 (1210/1881) | 0.46 | |
| SWE-Critix RL | 0.62 (3646/5846) | 0.75 (2671/3577) | 0.67 (2671/3965) | 0.71 | 0.43 (975/2269) | 0.52 (975/1881) | 0.47 | |
| SWE-Rebench | Qwen3-30B-A3B | 0.56 (6675/11872) | 0.65 (6656/10170) | 0.86 (6656/7774) | 0.74 | 0.68 (19/28) | 0.00 (19/4098) | 0.01 |
| SWE-Critix SFT | 0.71 (8476/11872) | 0.84 (5369/6360) | 0.69 (5369/7774) | 0.76 | 0.56 (3107/5512) | 0.76 (3107/4098) | 0.65 | |
| SWE-Critix RL | 0.78 (9308/11872) | 0.87 (6158/7106) | 0.79 (6158/7774) | 0.83 | 0.66 (3150/4766) | 0.77 (3150/4098) | 0.71 |
LLM Agent Verification
LLM agent verification checks whether agents’ actions, evidence, policies, and completion claims satisfy explicit requirements.
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